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Evolution of direct reciprocity under uncertainty can explain human generosity in one-shot encounters

机译:不确定情况下直接互惠的演变可以解释人在一次遭遇中的慷慨

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摘要

Are humans too generous? The discovery that subjects choose to incur costs to allocate benefits to others in anonymous, one-shot economic games has posed an unsolved challenge to models of economic and evolutionary rationality. Using agent-based simulations, we show that such generosity is the necessary byproduct of selection on decision systems for regulating dyadic reciprocity under conditions of uncertainty. In deciding whether to engage in dyadic reciprocity, these systems must balance (i) the costs of mistaking a one-shot interaction for a repeated interaction (hence, risking a single chance of being exploited) with (ii) the far greater costs of mistaking a repeated interaction for a one-shot interaction (thereby precluding benefits from multiple future cooperative interactions). This asymmetry builds organisms naturally selected to cooperate even when exposed to cues that they are in one-shot interactions.
机译:人类太慷慨了吗?受试者选择在匿名的一次性经济游戏中产生成本以将收益分配给他人的发现,对经济和进化理性模型提出了尚未解决的挑战。使用基于代理的模拟,我们显示出这种慷慨是在不确定性条件下调节二元对等性的决策系统选择的必要副产品。在决定是否进行二元对等时,这些系统必须权衡(i)误将一次互动进行重复互动的成本(因此,冒着被利用的单一风险)和(ii)误会的成本高得多一次互动的重复互动(从而排除了未来多次合作互动的收益)。这种不对称性使自然选择的生物能够协同工作,即使它们暴露于一次相互作用的线索中。

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