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Two crystal structures reveal design for repurposing the C-Ala domain of human AlaRS

机译:两种晶体结构揭示了重新利用人类AlaRS的C-Ala结构域的设计

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摘要

The 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) couple each amino acid to their cognate tRNAs. During evolution, 19 aaRSs expanded by acquiring novel noncatalytic appended domains, which are absent from bacteria and many lower eukaryotes but confer extracellular and nuclear functions in higher organisms. AlaRS is the single exception, with an appended C-terminal domain (C-Ala) that is conserved from prokaryotes to humans but with a wide sequence divergence. In human cells, C-Ala is also a splice variant of AlaRS. Crystal structures of two forms of human C-Ala, and small-angle X-ray scattering of AlaRS, showed that the large sequence divergence of human C-Ala reshaped C-Ala in a way that changed the global architecture of AlaRS. This reshaping removes the role of C-Ala in prokaryotes for docking tRNA and instead repurposes it to form a dimer interface presenting a DNA-binding groove. This groove cannot form with the bacterial ortholog. Direct DNA binding by human C-Ala, but not by bacterial C-Ala, was demonstrated. Thus, instead of acquiring a novel appended domain like other human aaRSs, which engendered novel functions, a new AlaRS architecture was created by diversifying a preexisting appended domain.
机译:20个氨酰基tRNA合成酶(aaRS)将每个氨基酸与其同源tRNA偶联。在进化过程中,有19个aaRS通过获取新的非催化附加结构域而扩展,这些结构域不存在于细菌和许多低等真核生物中,但在高等生物中具有细胞外和核功能。 AlaRS是唯一的例外,其附加的C末端结构域(C-Ala)从原核生物到人类都是保守的,但序列差异很大。在人类细胞中,C-Ala也是AlaRS的剪接变体。两种形式的人类C-Ala的晶体结构以及AlaRS的小角度X射线散射表明,人类C-Ala的大序列发散度以改变AlaRS整体结构的方式重塑了C-Ala。这种重塑消除了C-Ala在原核生物中对接tRNA的作用,而是重新利用了它以形成呈现DNA结合沟的二聚体界面。该凹槽不能与细菌直系同源物一起形成。证明了人C-Ala而非细菌C-Ala的直接DNA结合。因此,不是像其他人类aaRSs那样获得了具有新颖功能的新颖附加域,而是通过使先前存在的附加域多样化来创建新的AlaRS体系结构。

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