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The role of conditioning on heterosexual and homosexual partner preferences in rats

机译：条件对大鼠异性恋和同性恋伴侣偏好的作用

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Partner preferences are expressed by many social species, including humans. They are commonly observed as selective contacts with an individual, more time spent together, and directed courtship behavior that leads to selective copulation. This review discusses the effect of conditioning on the development of heterosexual and homosexual partner preferences in rodents. Learned preferences may develop when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated in contingency with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that functions as a reinforcer. Consequently, an individual may display preference for a partner that bears a CS. Some UCS may be more or less reinforcing, depending on when they are experienced, and may be different for males and females. For example, it could be that, only during periods of early development, that stimuli associated with nurture and juvenile play become conditioned. In adulthood, other stimuli such as sexual reward, cohabitation, mild stress, or even pharmacological manipulations may function as reinforcers to condition partner preferences. Evolutionary biologists and psychologists must take into consideration the idea that an individual’s experience with reward (i.e. sexual and pharmacological) can override presumably ‘innate’ mate choices (e.g. assortativeness and orientation) or mate strategies (e.g. monogamy or polygamy) by means of Pavlovian and operant contingencies. In fact, it is likely as innate to learn about the environment in ways that maximize reward and minimize aversive outcomes, making so-called ‘proximate’ causes (e.g. pleasure) ultimately more powerful predictors of social behavior and choice than so-called ‘ultimate’ causes (e.g. genetic or reproductive fitness).
机译：伙伴的喜好由包括人类在内的许多社会物种表达。通常将其视为与个人的选择性接触，在一起时花费更多的时间，并导致求偶行为的定向求爱行为。这篇综述讨论了条件对啮齿动物异性恋和同性恋伴侣偏好发展的影响。当条件刺激（CS）偶然与充当增强器的非条件刺激（UCS）相关联时，可能会出现学习的偏好。因此，个人可能会偏爱带有CS的伴侣。一些UCS可能会有所增强，这取决于他们何时体验，并且对于男性和女性而言可能有所不同。例如，可能只有在早期发育期间，与养育和少年游戏有关的刺激才成为条件。在成年期，其他刺激，例如性奖励，同居，轻度压力，甚至是药理学操纵，可能会成为调节伴侣偏好的增强剂。进化生物学家和心理学家必须考虑这样一个想法，即个人的报酬经历（即性和药理学）可以推翻“先天”的伴侣选择（例如，分类和取向）或通过帕夫洛夫主义和“一夫一妻制”进行的配偶策略（例如，一夫一妻制或一夫多妻制）。操作突发事件。实际上，以最大化报酬和最小化厌恶结果的方式来了解环境可能是天生的，从而使所谓的“近因”（例如愉悦）最终比社会上的“终极”更有力地预测社会行为和选择。原因（例如遗传或生殖适应性）。

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