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Pyrometamorphic process of ceramic composite materials in pottery production in the Bronze/Iron Age of the Northern Caucasus (Russia)

机译：北高加索地区青铜/铁器时代陶瓷生产中陶瓷复合材料的拟晶形过程（俄罗斯）

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Pyrotechnology for the prehistoric pottery has been an important subject for the study of ancient production technology and technological styles. However, heterogeneous characteristics in chemical and mineralogical compositions and massive amounts of ceramic sherds at most archaeological sites make it difficult to identify production technologies. In this study, SEM-EDS/WDS, XRD and transmittance and reflectance FT-IR techniques were employed step by step, in order to overcome these limitations. The serial combination of each method covers a macro-, meso- and micro-scale and it enabled us to identify the relationship between firing temperature, reducing or oxidizing atmosphere and thermally induced mobility of Ca and Fe. Numerous ceramic pottery sherds from two archaeological sites in the North Caucasus, Ransyrt 1 (Middle-Late Bronze Age) and Kabardinka 2 (Late Bronze/Early Iron Age) were investigated and compared to the ceramics found at Levinsadovka and Saf’janovo around the Sea of Azov, Russia (Late/Final Bronze Age) for this purpose. Morphological changes by sintering and transformation of indicator minerals such as calcite, hematite, spinel, gehlenite, quartz and cis/trans-vacant 1M illite provide temperature thresholds at 675, 700, 750, 950, 1050, 1100, 1300 °C. With the laboratory based FT-IR, vibrational changes in shape, wavenumber and intensity corresponding to Si-O stretching bands yield an order and classification of the ceramics with regard to firing conditions between the samples as well as the unraveling of temperature profiles within a single sample in a 100 µm scale. With this approach, the number of archaeological ceramics could be classified according to the pyrometamorphic transformation of heterogeneous ceramic composite materials. Combined with the archaeological contexts of each site, these results will contribute to the reconstruction of local technological styles.
机译：史前陶器的烟火技术一直是研究古代生产技术和技术风格的重要课题。但是，在大多数考古现场，化学和矿物成分的异质性以及大量的陶瓷鳞片使得很难确定生产技术。在这项研究中，为了克服这些限制，逐步采用了SEM-EDS / WDS，XRD，透射率和反射率FT-IR技术。每种方法的系列组合涵盖了宏观，中观和微观尺度，它使我们能够确定焙烧温度，还原或氧化气氛与热诱导的Ca和Fe迁移率之间的关系。调查了北高加索地区两个考古遗址的许多陶器陶架，分别是兰斯尔特1号（中晚期青铜时代）和卡巴丁卡2号（晚期青铜/早期铁器时代），并将其与在Levinsadovka和Saf'janovo沿海发现的陶瓷进行了比较。俄罗斯亚速（最后/最终青铜时代）的目的。通过烧结和转变指示剂矿物（如方解石，赤铁矿，尖晶石，钠钙石，石英和顺/反空位1M伊利石）的形态变化提供了675、700、750、950、1050、1100、1300 C的温度阈值。使用基于实验室的FT-IR，对应于Si-O拉伸带的形状，波数和强度的振动变化就样品之间的焙烧条件以及单个温度内的温度分布图的分解产生了陶瓷的顺序和分类。样品的尺寸为100μm。通过这种方法，可以根据异质陶瓷复合材料的高温变形来分类考古陶瓷的数量。结合每个站点的考古背景，这些结果将有助于重建当地的技术风格。

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