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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Ecology and Evolution >Northern range shift may be due to increased competition induced by protection of species rather than to climate change alone
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Northern range shift may be due to increased competition induced by protection of species rather than to climate change alone

机译：北方范围的变化可能是由于物种保护引起的竞争加剧而不仅仅是气候变化

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Few long‐term, large‐scale studies have been conducted about the factors likely to explain changes in species abundance and distribution in winter. Range shifts are generally attributed to the climate change or land use. This study shows that other factors such as species protection and the ensuing increasing numbers of individuals and competition could be involved. It details the progressive conquest of France, the most important European wintering area for great cormorant, in three decades as its legal protection by the EU Birds Directive. It is based on 13 exhaustive national counts. Cormorants first occupied the farthest areas (Atlantic and Mediterranean lagoons, then larger rivers) from the main‐core European breeding area, with only progressive occupancy of the northeastern part later. This strategy mainly resulted from competition for optimal available feeding areas. Suboptimal areas (smaller wetlands harboring smaller night roosts, colder northeastern French areas) and progressive fragmentation of large night roosts into smaller, better located ones minimized flight costs. The coldest areas were occupied last, once other areas were saturated. Their occupancy was favored locally by the global climate change, but it played a minor role in these strategies. Both factors induced only a small NNE shift of the weighted centroid range of the wintering population (2.6 km/year) which mainly resulted from competition (buffer effect). Only the 2009 cold wave decreased the total number of wintering cormorants at the national scale, once the population had probably reached the carrying capacity of the country, while the previous cold waves had a minor effect. Comparatively, there was a greater SSE range shift of the weighted centroid of the breeding population (4.66 km/year). Range shifts of other recently protected species have been attributed to the sole climate change in the literature, but competition due to the saturation of usual wintering or breeding areas should be considered too.
机译：关于可能解释冬季物种丰富度和分布变化的因素，很少进行长期，大规模的研究。范围变化通常归因于气候变化或土地利用。这项研究表明，还可能涉及其他因素，例如物种保护以及随之而来的个体数量增加和竞争。它详细介绍了法国作为欧盟鸟类指令的法律保护，在三十年内逐步征服法国，这是欧洲最重要的great越冬地区。它基于13个详尽的国家数据。 first首先占据了欧洲主要繁殖区最远的区域（大西洋和地中海泻湖，然后是较大的河流），随后仅逐渐占据了东北部。该策略主要来自对最佳可用饲喂区的竞争。次优区域（较小的湿地拥有较小的夜间栖息地，较冷的法国东北部地区）以及将大型夜间栖息地逐渐分散为较小，位置较好的栖息地的做法，使航班成本降到最低。一旦其他区域饱和，最冷的区域将最后被占用。全球气候变化在本地青睐他们的住所，但在这些策略中只扮演了次要的角色。这两个因素都导致越冬人口的加权质心范围（2.6 km /年）仅有很小的NNE偏移，这主要是由于竞争（缓冲效应）引起的。一旦人口可能已经达到该国的承载能力，只有2009年的冷浪在全国范围内减少了越冬total的总数，而之前的冷浪影响较小。相比之下，繁殖种群的加权质心的SSE范围变化更大（4.66 km /年）。其他近期受保护物种的范围变化已归因于文献中唯一的气候变化，但也应考虑由于通常的越冬或繁殖区域饱和而引起的竞争。

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