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Advances in genome editing technology and its promising application in evolutionary and ecological studies

机译：基因组编辑技术的进步及其在进化和生态学研究中的应用前景

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Genetic modification has long provided an approach for “reverse genetics”, analyzing gene function and linking DNA sequence to phenotype. However, traditional genome editing technologies have not kept pace with the soaring progress of the genome sequencing era, as a result of their inefficiency, time-consuming and labor-intensive methods. Recently, invented genome modification technologies, such as ZFN (Zinc Finger Nuclease), TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease), and CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 nuclease) can initiate genome editing easily, precisely and with no limitations by organism. These new tools have also offered intriguing possibilities for conducting functional large-scale experiments. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction of ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, then generate an extensive prediction of effective TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 target sites in the genomes of a broad range of taxonomic species. Based on the evidence, we highlight the potential and practicalities of TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 editing in non-model organisms, and also compare the technologies and test interesting issues such as the functions of candidate domesticated, as well as candidate genes in life-environment interactions. When accompanied with a high-throughput sequencing platform, we forecast their potential revolutionary impacts on evolutionary and ecological research, which may offer an exciting prospect for connecting the gap between DNA sequence and phenotype in the near future.
机译：基因修饰长期以来为“反向遗传学”，分析基因功能以及将DNA序列与表型联系起来提供了一种方法。然而，由于效率低下，费时且费力的方法，传统的基因组编辑技术未能跟上基因组测序时代的飞速发展。最近，发明的基因组修饰技术（例如ZFN（锌指核酸酶），TALEN（转录激活因子样效应核酸酶）和CRISPR / Cas9核酸酶（聚簇有规律地间隔的短回文重复序列/ Cas9核酸酶）可以轻松，准确地启动基因组编辑不受生物的限制。这些新工具还为进行功能性大型实验提供了有趣的可能性。在这篇综述中，我们首先简要介绍ZFN，TALEN和CRISPR / Cas9技术，然后对广泛的分类物种的基因组中有效的TALEN和CRISPR / Cas9目标位点进行广泛的预测。基于证据，我们重点介绍了TALEN和CRISPR / Cas9编辑在非模型生物中的潜力和实用性，并比较了这些技术并测试了一些有趣的问题，例如驯化的候选基因以及生命环境中的候选基因互动。结合高通量测序平台，我们可以预测它们对进化和生态研究的潜在革命性影响，这可能为在不久的将来连接DNA序列与表型之间的鸿沟提供令人兴奋的前景。

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