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OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AMONG BROWN-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR AGING-RELATED ISSUES

机译：棕领职业中的职业流动性及其与衰老相关的问题

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As the number of Latinos in the United States continues to increase, aging-related issues within this group must be addressed. This paper examines occupational mobility among Latinos in brown-collar occupations, a crucial step toward long-term economic security. Previous literature has identified barriers to occupational mobility among Latinos: citizenship status, English language ability, educational attainment, and industry. Utilizing U.S. Census Bureau data, these barriers were examined to determine whether Latinos were able to transition out of brown-collar occupations over a ten-year period. Data were included for Baby Boomers (Boomers) aged 25–40 in 1990 (using 1990 and 2000 decennial census data) and Generation X (GenXers) aged 25–40 in 2005 (using 2005 and 2015 American Community Survey/ACS data). Brown-collar occupations were defined based on occupations in which Latinos were over-represented in the 1980 decennial census (e.g., machine operators, farm workers). Latino Boomers decreased their brown-collar employment, from 18.8% in 1990 to 17.8% in 2000; by contrast, Latino GenXers only decreased from 19.6% in 2005 to 19.0% in 2015. Brown-collar incomes failed to keep up with non-Latino white workers, especially for Latino GenXers. Differences exist, however, by immigrant status. Based on the income stagnation of brown-collar employment, occupational mobility must be encouraged and supported among younger Boomers and GenXers in the U.S. Failure to do so will make worklife economic security more elusive and prospects for long-term retirement security grim. This economic insufficiency will have implications not only at the micro level, but also for social programs and federal, state, and local governmental budgets.
机译：随着美国拉美裔人数的不断增加，必须解决该群体中与衰老相关的问题。本文研究了拉丁美洲人在棕领职业中的职业流动性，这是迈向长期经济安全的关键一步。先前的文献已经确定了拉丁美洲人职业流动的障碍：公民身份，英语能力，教育程度和行业。利用美国人口普查局的数据，检查了这些障碍，以确定拉丁美洲人是否能够在十年内从棕领职业过渡出来。数据包括1990年25-40岁的婴儿潮一代（Boomers）（使用1990和2000年十年期人口普查数据）和2005年25-40岁的X一代（GenXers）（使用2005和2015年美国社区调查/ ACS数据）。棕领职业的定义是基于1980年代十年人口普查中拉丁裔占多数的职业（例如，机器操作员，农场工人）。拉丁美洲裔的潮一代减少了其棕色领子的就业，从1990年的18.8％降至2000年的17.8％；相比之下，拉丁裔GenXers仅从2005年的19.6％下降到2015年的19.0％。棕领收入未能跟上非拉丁裔白人工人的步伐，尤其是对于拉丁裔GenXers。但是，根据移民身份存在差异。基于棕领工作的收入停滞，必须鼓励和支持美国年轻的Boomer和GenXers中的职业流动性。如果不这样做，将使工作生活的经济安全更加难以捉摸，并且长期退休安全的前景严峻。这种经济上的不足不仅会在微观层面产生影响，还会对社会计划以及联邦，州和地方政府预算产生影响。

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