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Agronomic Challenges and Opportunities for Smallholder Terrace Agriculture in Developing Countries

机译：发展中国家小农户梯田农业的农艺挑战和机遇

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摘要

Improving land productivity is essential to meet increasing food and forage demands in hillside and mountain communities. Tens of millions of smallholder terrace farmers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America who earn $1–2 per day do not have access to peer-reviewed knowledge of best agronomic practices, though they have considerable traditional ecological knowledge. Terrace farmers also lack access to affordable farm tools and inputs required to increase crop yields. The objectives of this review are to highlight the agronomic challenges of terrace farming, and offer innovative, low-cost solutions to intensify terrace agriculture while improving local livelihoods. The article focuses on smallholder farmers in developing nations, with particular reference to Nepal. The challenges of terrace agriculture in these regions include lack of quality land area for agriculture, erosion and loss of soil fertility, low yield, poor access to agricultural inputs and services, lack of mechanization, labor shortages, poverty, and illiteracy. Agronomic strategies that could help address these concerns include intensification of terraces using agro-ecological approaches along with introduction of light-weight, low-cost, and purchasable tools and affordable inputs that enhance productivity and reduce female drudgery. To package, deliver, and share these technologies with remote hillside communities, effective scaling up models are required. One opportunity to enable distribution of these products could be to “piggy-back” onto pre-existing snackfood/cigarette/alcohol distribution networks that are prevalent even in the most remote mountainous regions of the world. Such strategies, practices, and tools could be supported by formalized government policies dedicated to the well-being of terrace farmers and ecosystems, to maintain resiliency at a time of alarming climate change. We hope this review will inform governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector to draw attention to this neglected and vulnerable agro-ecosystem in developing countries.
机译：提高土地生产力对于满足山坡和山区社区不断增长的粮食和牧草需求至关重要。尽管亚洲，非洲和拉丁美洲每天有1-2美元的小农，但他们拥有相当多的传统生态知识，他们却无法获得同行评议的最佳农艺实践知识。梯田农民也无法获得负担得起的农具和增加作物单产所需的投入。这篇综述的目的是突出梯田农业的农学挑战，并提供创新的低成本解决方案，以加强梯田农业，同时改善当地生计。本文重点关注发展中国家的小农户，尤其是尼泊尔。在这些地区，梯田农业面临的挑战包括缺乏优质的农业用地，水土流失和土壤肥力下降，产量低，获得农业投入和服务的机会差，缺乏机械化，劳动力短缺，贫困和文盲。可以帮助解决这些问题的农艺策略包括：采用农业生态方法强化梯田，并引入轻量，低成本和可购买的工具以及可负担的投入物，以提高生产力并减少女性苦恼。为了打包，交付和与偏远的山坡社区共享这些技术，需要有效的扩展模型。实现这些产品分销的一个机会可能是“ pi带”到既有的零食/香烟/酒精分销网络上，即使在世界上最偏远的山区也很普遍。这些战略，实践和工具可以得到专门针对梯田农民和生态系统福祉的正式政府政策的支持，以在令人担忧的气候变化时保持弹性。我们希望这项审查将使政府，非政府组织和私营部门提请人们注意发展中国家这种被忽视和脆弱的农业生态系统。

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