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Single-Locus versus Multilocus Patterns of Local Adaptation to Climate in Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus Pinaceae)

机译：东部白松（Pinus strobus松科）对气候的局部适应的单基因座与多基因座模式

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Natural plant populations are often adapted to their local climate and environmental conditions, and populations of forest trees offer some of the best examples of this pattern. However, little empirical work has focused on the relative contribution of single-locus versus multilocus effects to the genetic architecture of local adaptation in plants/forest trees. Here, we employ eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) to test the hypothesis that it is the inter-genic effects that primarily drive climate-induced local adaptation. The genetic structure of 29 range-wide natural populations of eastern white pine was determined in relation to local climatic factors using both a reference set of SSR markers, and SNPs located in candidate genes putatively involved in adaptive response to climate. Comparisons were made between marker sets using standard single-locus outlier analysis, single-locus and multilocus environment association analyses and a novel implementation of Population Graphs. Magnitudes of population structure were similar between the two marker sets. Outlier loci consistent with diversifying selection were rare for both SNPs and SSRs. However, genetic distances based on the multilocus among population covariances (cGD) were significantly more correlated to climate, even after correcting for spatial effects, for SNPs as compared to SSRs. Coalescent simulations confirmed that the differences in mutation rates between SSRs and SNPs did not affect the topologies of the Population Graphs, and hence values of cGD and their correlations with associated climate variables. We conclude that the multilocus covariances among populations primarily reflect adaptation to local climate and environment in eastern white pine. This result highlights the complexity of the genetic architecture of adaptive traits, as well as the need to consider multilocus effects in studies of local adaptation.
机译：天然植物种群通常适应当地的气候和环境条件，林木种群提供了这种模式的一些最佳实例。然而，很少有经验工作集中在单基因座与多基因座效应对植物/林木局部适应性遗传结构的相对贡献上。在这里，我们采用东部白松（Pinus strobus）来检验这一假说，即基因间效应主要驱动气候引起的局部适应。使用一组参考SSR标记和位于可能参与气候适应性反应的候选基因中的SNP，确定了与东部气候有关的东部白松29个范围广泛的自然种群的遗传结构。使用标准的单位置离群值分析，单位置和多位置环境关联分析以及人口图的新实现对标记集进行了比较。两个标记集之间的种群结构大小相似。对于SNP和SSR而言，与多样化选择一致的异常基因座很少。但是，与SSR相比，即使在校正空间效应后，基于种群协方差（cGD）之间多基因座的遗传距离与气候的相关性也更高。联合模拟证实，SSR和SNP之间突变率的差异不会影响种群图的拓扑，因此不会影响cGD的值及其与相关气候变量的相关性。我们得出结论，种群之间的多位点协方差主要反映了对东部白松的当地气候和环境的适应。该结果突出了适应性状遗传结构的复杂性，以及在局部适应性研究中需要考虑多基因座效应。

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