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First Direct Dating for the Construction and Modification of the Baphuon Temple Mountain in Angkor Cambodia

机译：柬埔寨吴哥市Baphuon寺山建设与改造的第一个直接约会

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摘要

Architecture represents key evidence of dynastic practice and change in the archaeological world. Chronologies for many important buildings and sequences, including the iconic temples of medieval Angkor in Cambodia, are based solely on indirect associations from inscriptions and architectural styles. The Baphuon temple, one of the last major buildings in Angkor without textual or scientifically-derived chronological evidence, is crucial both for the context and date of its construction and the period when its western façade was modified into a unique, gigantic Reclining Buddha. Its construction was part of a major dynastic change and florescence of the Hindu-Mahayana Buddhist state and the modification is the key evidence of Theravada Buddhist power after Angkor's decline in the 15th century. Using a newly-developed approach based on AMS radiocarbon dating to directly date four iron crampons integrated into the structure we present the first direct evidence for the history of the Baphuon. Comprehensive study of ferrous elements shows that both construction and modification were critically earlier than expected. The Baphuon can now be considered as the major temple associated with the imperial reformations and territorial consolidation of Suryavarman I (1010–1050 AD) for whom no previous building to legitimize his reign could be identified. The Theravada Buddhist modification is a hundred years prior to the conventional 16th century estimation and is not associated with renewed use of Angkor. Instead it relates to the enigmatic Ayutthayan occupation of Angkor in the 1430s and 40s during a major period of climatic instability. Accurately dating iron with relatively low carbon content is a decisive step to test long-standing assumptions about architectural histories and political processes for states that incorporated iron into buildings (e.g., Ancient Greece, medieval India). Furthermore, this new approach has the potential to revise chronologies related to iron consumption practices since the origins of ferrous metallurgy three millennia ago.
机译：建筑是王朝实践和考古世界变化的主要证据。许多重要建筑物和序列的时间顺序，包括柬埔寨中世纪吴哥窟的标志性庙宇，都完全基于铭文和建筑风格的间接关联。 Baphuon寺是吴哥最后的主要建筑之一，没有文字或科学依据的时间顺序证据，对于其建造的背景和日期以及将其西立面修改为独特的巨型卧佛的时期都至关重要。它的建造是印度大乘佛教朝代的主要朝代变迁和花期的一部分，其修改是15世纪Angkor沦陷后Theravada佛教力量的关键证据。使用基于AMS放射性碳测年法的最新开发方法，直接对整合到该结构中的四个铁爪进行了测年，我们提供了巴蓬历史的第一个直接证据。对黑色金属元素的综合研究表明，施工和改性都比预期的要早得多。现在可以将Baphuon视为与Suryavarman I（1010年至1050年）的帝国改革和领土巩固相关的主要圣殿，对于这些圣殿，以前没有任何建筑物可以使他的统治合法化。 Theravada佛教的修改比传统的16世纪估计要早一百年，并且与重新使用吴哥无关。相反，它与1430年代和40年代在主要的气候不稳定时期对吴哥的神秘大城占领有关。对于含铁量较高的州（例如古希腊，中世纪的印度），准确测定碳含量相对较低的铁是决定性的步骤，这是检验关于建筑历史和政治进程的长期假设的决定性步骤。此外，自三千年前有色冶金学的起源以来，这种新方法有可能修改与铁消耗实践有关的时间顺序。

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