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The strength of a remorseful heart: psychological and neural basis of how apology emolliates reactive aggression and promotes forgiveness

机译：heart悔的心脏的力量：道歉如何缓和反应性攻击并促进宽恕的心理和神经基础

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摘要

Apology from the offender facilitates forgiveness and thus has the power to restore a broken relationship. Here we showed that apology from the offender not only reduces the victim’s propensity to react aggressively but also alters the victim’s implicit attitude and neural responses toward the offender. We adopted an interpersonal competitive game which consisted of two phases. In the first, “passive” phase, participants were punished by high or low pain stimulation chosen by the opponents when losing a trial. During the break, participants received a note from each of the opponents, one apologizing and the other not. The second, “active” phase, involved a change of roles where participants could punish the two opponents after winning. Experiment 1 included an Implicit Association Test (IAT) in between the reception of notes and the second phase. Experiment 2 recorded participants’ brain potentials in the second phase. We found that participants reacted less aggressively toward the apologizing opponent than the non-apologizing opponent in the active phase. Moreover, female, but not male, participants responded faster in the IAT when positive and negative words were associated with the apologizing and the non-apologizing opponents, respectively, suggesting that female participants had enhanced implicit attitude toward the apologizing opponent. Furthermore, the late positive potential (LPP), a component in brain potentials associated with affective/motivational reactions, was larger when viewing the portrait of the apologizing than the non-apologizing opponent when participants subsequently selected low punishment. Additionally, the LPP elicited by the apologizing opponents’ portrait was larger in the female than in the male participants. These findings confirm the apology’s role in reducing reactive aggression and further reveal that this forgiveness process engages, at least in female, an enhancement of the victim’s implicit attitude and a prosocial motivational change toward the offender.
机译：罪犯的道歉有助于宽恕，因此有能力恢复破裂的关系。在这里，我们表明，犯罪者的道歉不仅降低了受害者做出积极反应的倾向，而且改变了受害者对犯罪者的内隐态度和神经反应。我们采用了一个由两个阶段组成的人际竞争游戏。在第一个“被动”阶段，参与者在输掉审判时受到对手选择的高或低疼痛刺激的惩罚。在休息时间，参与者从每个反对者那里收到一张纸条，一个道歉，另一个没有。第二阶段是“主动”阶段，涉及角色转换，参与者可以在获胜后惩罚两个对手。实验1在接收笔记和第二阶段之间包括了隐式联想测验（IAT）。实验2在第二阶段记录了参与者的脑潜能。我们发现参与者在活动阶段对道歉对手的反应要比未道歉对手的反应少。此外，当正向和负向分别与道歉和未道歉的对手相关时，女性参与者（而非男性）在IAT中的反应更快，这表明女性参与者对道歉的对手的内隐态度有所增强。此外，后期正电位（LPP）是与情感/动机反应相关的大脑电位中的一个组成部分，在观看道歉肖像时，参与者随后选择低度惩罚时，比未道歉的对手要大。另外，由道歉的对手的画像引起的LPP在女性参与者中要大于男性参与者。这些发现证实了道歉在减少反应性侵略中的作用，并进一步表明，这种宽恕过程至少在女性中参与了受害者的内在态度的增强和对罪犯的亲社会动机改变。

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