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Framing effects reveal discrete lexical-semantic and sublexical procedures in reading: an fMRI study

机译：框架效应揭示了阅读中离散的词汇语义和亚词汇程序：一项功能磁共振成像研究

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According to the dual-route model, a printed string of letters can be processed by either a grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC) route or a lexical-semantic route. Although meta-analyses of the imaging literature support the existence of distinct but interacting reading procedures, individual neuroimaging studies that explored neural correlates of reading yielded inconclusive results. We used a list-manipulation paradigm to provide a fresh empirical look at this issue and to isolate specific areas that underlie the two reading procedures. In a lexical condition, we embedded disyllabic Italian words (target stimuli) in lists of either loanwords or trisyllabic Italian words with unpredictable stress position. In a GPC condition, similar target stimuli were included within lists of pseudowords. The procedure was designed to induce participants to emphasize either the lexical-semantic or the GPC reading procedure, while controlling for possible linguistic confounds and keeping the reading task requirements stable across the two conditions. Thirty-three adults participated in the behavioral study, and 20 further adult participants were included in the fMRI study. At the behavioral level, we found sizeable effects of the framing manipulations that included slower voice onset times for stimuli in the pseudoword frames. At the functional anatomical level, the occipital and temporal regions, and the intraparietal sulcus were specifically activated when subjects were reading target words in a lexical frame. The inferior parietal and anterior fusiform cortex were specifically activated in the GPC condition. These patterns of activation represented a valid classifying model of fMRI images associated with target reading in both frames in the multi-voxel pattern analyses. Further activations were shared by the two procedures in the occipital and inferior parietal areas, in the premotor cortex, in the frontal regions and the left supplementary motor area. These regions are most likely involved in either early input or late output processes.
机译：根据双路线模型，可以通过字素到音素转换（GPC）路线或词汇语义路线来处理字母的打印字符串。尽管对成像文献的荟萃分析支持独特但相互作用的阅读程序的存在，但探索阅读的神经相关性的个别神经影像学研究并未得出结论。我们使用了列表操作范式来提供对此问题的全新实证研究，并找出构成这两种阅读程序基础的特定区域。在词汇条件下，我们将重读意大利语单词（目标刺激）嵌入到具有不可预知重音位置的借词或三重意大利语单词列表中。在GPC条件下，类似的目标刺激也包含在伪词列表中。设计该程序的目的是促使参与者强调词汇语义或GPC阅读程序，同时控制可能的语言混淆，并在两种情况下保持阅读任务要求的稳定。 33名成年人参加了行为研究，fMRI研究还包括了另外20名成年人。在行为方面，我们发现了成帧操作的巨大效果，其中包括伪单词帧中刺激声的起音时间变慢。在功能解剖学层面上，当受试者在词汇框架中阅读目标词时，枕骨和颞区以及顶壁沟被特别激活。在GPC条件下特异性激活顶下壁和梭状前叶皮层。这些激活模式代表了与多体素模式分析的两个帧中的目标阅读相关的fMRI图像的有效分类模型。在枕前壁和下顶叶区域，运动前皮层，额叶区域和左辅助运动区域中，这两种程序均可以进一步激活。这些区域最有可能参与早期输入或晚期输出过程。

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