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Does Competition Really Bring Out the Worst? Testosterone Social Distance and Inter-Male Competition Shape Parochial Altruism in Human Males

机译：竞争真的会带来最坏的结果吗？男性的睾丸激素社交距离和男性间竞争塑造狭Al的利他行为

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Parochial altruism, defined as increased ingroup favoritism and heightened outgroup hostility, is a widespread feature of human societies that affects altruistic cooperation and punishment behavior, particularly in intergroup conflicts. Humans tend to protect fellow group members and fight against outsiders, even at substantial costs for themselves. Testosterone modulates responses to competition and social threat, but its exact role in the context of parochial altruism remains controversial. Here, we investigated how testosterone influences altruistic punishment tendencies in the presence of an intergroup competition. Fifty male soccer fans played an ultimatum game (UG), in which they faced anonymous proposers that could either be a fan of the same soccer team (ingroup) or were fans of other teams (outgroups) that differed in the degree of social distance and enmity to the ingroup. The UG was played in two contexts with varying degrees of intergroup rivalry. Our data show that unfair offers were rejected more frequently than fair proposals and the frequency of altruistic punishment increased with increasing social distance to the outgroups. Adding an intergroup competition led to a further escalation of outgroup hostility and reduced punishment of unfair ingroup members. High testosterone levels were associated with a relatively increased ingroup favoritism and also a change towards enhanced outgroup hostility in the intergroup competition. High testosterone concentrations further predicted increased proposer generosity in interactions with the ingroup. Altogether, a significant relation between testosterone and parochial altruism could be demonstrated, but only in the presence of an intergroup competition. In human males, testosterone may promote group coherence in the face of external threat, even against the urge to selfishly maximize personal reward. In that way, our observation refutes the view that testosterone generally promotes antisocial behaviors and aggressive responses, but underlines its rather specific role in the fine-tuning of male social cognition.
机译：狭al的利他主义被定义为群体内偏爱的增加和群体外敌对的加剧，是人类社会普遍存在的特征，影响利他主义的合作和惩罚行为，特别是在群体间的冲突中。人类往往会保护团体成员并与外来者作战，即使他们自己付出了巨大的代价。睾丸激素调节对竞争和社会威胁的反应，但其在狭al利他主义背景下的确切作用仍存在争议。在这里，我们调查了存在群体间竞争时睾丸激素如何影响利他惩罚的倾向。 50名男足球迷打了最后通game游戏（UG），在其中他们面对匿名的求婚者，他们可能是同一支足球队（小组）的球迷，也可能是社交距离和社交程度不同的其他球队（小组）的球迷。仇恨团伙。 UG在两个不同组间竞争程度的背景下进行。我们的数据表明，不公平的提议比公平的提议被拒绝的频率更高，而利他惩罚的频率随着与外来群体的社会距离的增加而增加。增加团体间的竞争导致了团体外敌对情绪的进一步升级，并减少了对不公平团体内成员的惩罚。较高的睾丸激素水平与群体内偏爱的相对增加有关，也与群体间竞争中增强的群体外敌对性有关。较高的睾丸激素浓度可进一步预测与小组成员互动时提议者的慷慨大方。总而言之，睾丸激素和狭al利他主义之间的显着关系可以得到证明，但前提是存在群体间竞争。在男性中，面对外部威胁，睾丸激素可能会促进群体凝聚力，甚至抵制自私地最大化个人报酬的冲动。这样，我们的观察结果驳斥了睾丸激素通常会促进反社会行为和攻击性反应的观点，但强调了其在男性社会认知的微调中的相当具体的作用。

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