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Spanking and Children’s Externalizing Behavior Across the First Decade of Life: Evidence for Transactional Processes

机译：打屁股和儿童在生命的第一个十年中的外化行为：交易过程的证据

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Despite a growing literature associating physical discipline with later child aggression, spanking remains a typical experience for American children. The directionality of the associations between aggression and spanking and their continuity over time has received less attention. This study examined the transactional associations between spanking and externalizing behavior across the first decade of life, examining not only how spanking relates to externalizing behavior leading up to the important transition to adolescence, but whether higher levels of externalizing lead to more spanking over time as well. We use data from the Fragile families and child well-being (FFCW) study to examine maternal spanking and children’s behavior at ages 1, 3, 5, and 9 (N=1,874; 48 % girls). The FFCW is a longitudinal birth cohort study of children born between 1998 and 2000 in 20 medium to large US cities. A little over a quarter of this sample was spanked at age 1, and about half at age 3, 5, and 9. Estimates from a cross-lagged path model provided evidence of developmental continuity in both spanking and externalizing behavior, but results also highlighted important reciprocal processes taking hold early, with spanking influencing later externalizing behavior, which, in turn, predicted subsequent spanking. These bidirectional effects held across race/ethnicity and child’s gender. The findings highlight the lasting effects of early spanking, both in influencing early child’s behavior, and in affecting subsequent child’s externalizing and parental spanking in a reciprocal manner. These amplifying transactional processes underscore the importance of early intervention before patterns may cascade across domains in the transition to adolescence.
机译：尽管有越来越多的文献将体育锻炼与后来的儿童侵略联系起来，但打屁股仍然是美国儿童的典型经历。攻击和打屁股之间的关联的方向性及其随着时间的连​​续性受到的关注较少。这项研究研究了生命的最初十年中打屁股与外部化行为之间的交易关联，不仅研究打屁股与导致青春期重要过渡的外部化行为之间的关系，而且还研究了更高水平的外部化是否会随着时间的推移导致更多打屁股。我们使用来自脆弱家庭和儿童福祉（FFCW）研究的数据来检查1、3、5和9岁时的母亲打屁股和儿童行为（N = 1,874； 48％的女孩）。 FFCW是一项纵向出生队列研究，研究对象是1998年至2000年之间在美国20个大中型城市出生的孩子。该样本的四分之一以上在1岁时被打屁股，在3、5和9岁时被打成一半。交叉滞后路径模型的估计值提供了打屁股和外在行为的发展连续性的证据，但结果也突出了重要的互惠过程会尽早发生，而打屁股会影响后来的外部化行为，进而预测随后的打屁股。这些双向影响贯穿种族/民族和儿童的性别。研究结果突显了早期打屁股的持久影响，既影响了幼儿的行为，又以相互影响的方式影响了后续孩子的外在化和父母打屁股​​。这些放大的交易过程强调了在模式过渡到青春期之前跨领域层叠之前进行早期干预的重要性。

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