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Adaptation of Bird Communities to Farmland Abandonment in a Mountain Landscape

机译：鸟类群落对山地农田弃耕的适应

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Widespread farmland abandonment has led to significant landscape transformations of many European mountain areas. These semi-natural multi-habitat landscapes are important reservoirs of biodiversity and their abandonment has important conservation implications. In multi-habitat landscapes the adaptation of communities depends on the differential affinity of the species to the available habitats. We use nested species-area relationships (SAR) to model species richness patterns of bird communities across scales in a mountain landscape, in NW Portugal. We compare the performance of the classic-SAR and the countryside-SAR (i.e. multi-habitat) models at the landscape scale, and compare species similarity decay (SSD) at the regional scale. We find a considerable overlap of bird communities in the different land-uses (farmland, shrubland and oak forest) at the landscape scale. Analysis of the classic and countryside SAR show that specialist species are strongly related to their favourite habitat. Farmland and shrubland have higher regional SSD compared to oak forests. However, this is due to the opportunistic use of farmlands by generalist birds. Forest specialists display significant regional turnover in oak forest. Overall, the countryside-SAR model had a better fit to the data showing that habitat composition determines species richness across scales. Finally, we use the countryside-SAR model to forecast bird diversity under four scenarios of land-use change. Farmland abandonment scenarios show little impact on bird diversity as the model predicts that the complete loss of farmland is less dramatic, in terms of species diversity loss, than the disappearance of native Galicio-Portuguese oak forest. The affinities of species to non-preferred habitats suggest that bird communities can adapt to land-use changes derived from farmland abandonment. Based on model predictions we argue that rewilding may be a suitable management option for many European mountain areas.
机译：广泛的农田荒废导致许多欧洲山区发生了重大的景观转变。这些半自然的多生境景观是生物多样性的重要储存库，而将其废弃则具有重要的保护意义。在多生境景观中，群落的适应性取决于物种对可用生境的不同亲和力。我们使用嵌套的物种-区域关系（SAR）来模拟葡萄牙西北部山区景观中不同尺度的鸟类群落的物种丰富度模式。我们在景观尺度上比较经典SAR和农村SAR（即多栖息地）模型的性能，并在区域尺度上比较物种相似度衰减（SSD）。在景观尺度上，我们发现鸟类在不同土地用途（农田，灌木丛和橡树林）中有大量重叠。对经典和农村SAR的分析表明，特有物种与其最喜欢的栖息地密切相关。与橡树林相比，农田和灌木丛具有更高的区域SSD。但是，这是由于多面手鸟类机会性地使用了农田。森林专家在橡树林中显示出重要的区域营业额。总体而言，农村-SAR模型更适合于显示栖息地组成决定各个尺度物种丰富度的数据。最后，我们使用农村-SAR模型来预测四种土地利用变化情景下的鸟类多样性。农田弃置的情景对鸟类的多样性几乎没有影响，因为该模型预测，就物种多样性的丧失而言，农田的完全丧失不如本地加利西奥-葡萄牙橡树林消失。物种对非优选栖息地的亲和力表明，鸟类群落可以适应由农田遗弃引起的土地利用变化。根据模型预测，我们认为野蛮荒野可能是许多欧洲山区的合适管理选择。

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