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Phylogeography and population genetics of pine butterflies: Sky islands increase genetic divergence

机译：松蝴蝶的植物地理学和种群遗传学：天空岛屿增加了遗传差异

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The sky islands of southeastern Arizona (AZ) mark a major transition zone between tropical and temperate biota and are considered a neglected biodiversity hotspot. Dispersal ability and host plant specificity are thought to impact the history and diversity of insect populations across the sky islands. We aimed to investigate the population structure and phylogeography of two pine‐feeding pierid butterflies, the pine white ( ) and the Mexican pine white ( ), restricted to these “islands” at this transition zone. Given their dependence on pines as the larval hosts, we hypothesized that habitat connectivity affects population structure and is at least in part responsible for their allopatry. We sampled DNA from freshly collected butterflies from 17 sites in the sky islands and adjacent high‐elevation habitats and sequenced these samples using ddRADSeq. Up to 15,399 SNPs were discovered and analyzed in population genetic and phylogenetic contexts with Stacks and pyRAD pipelines. Low genetic differentiation in suggests that it is panmictic. Conversely, there is strong evidence for population structure within . Each sky island likely contains a population of , and clustering is hierarchical, with populations on proximal mountains being more related to each other. The habitat, which is largely contiguous, facilitates panmixia, while the habitat, restricted to the higher elevations on each sky island, creates distinct population structure. Phylogenetic results corroborate those from population genetic analyses. The historical climate‐driven fluxes in forest habitat connectivity have implications for understanding the biodiversity of fragmented habitats.
机译：亚利桑那州东南部（AZ）的天空岛是热带和温带生物区系之间的主要过渡区，被认为是被忽视的生物多样性热点。分散能力和寄主植物的特异性被认为会影响整个天空岛屿上昆虫种群的历史和多样性。我们的目的是调查在该过渡区仅限于这些“岛屿”的两只以松食为食的针刺蝴蝶，松白（）和墨西哥松白（）的种群结构和系统学。考虑到它们依赖于作为幼虫寄主的松树，我们假设栖息地的连通性会影响种群结构，并且至少部分负责它们的异源性。我们从天空岛和邻近的高海拔栖息地的17个地点的新鲜采集的蝴蝶中提取DNA样本，并使用ddRADSeq对这些样本进行测序。使用Stacks和pyRAD管道在种群遗传和系统发育背景下发现并分析了多达15399个SNP。较低的遗传分化表明它是panmicic。相反，有充分的证据表明该地区的人口结构。每个天空岛都可能包含的种群，并且聚类是分层的，近端山脉上的种群之间的相关性更高。栖息地在很大程度上是连续的，有利于泛滥，而栖息地（仅限于每个天空岛的较高海拔）形成了独特的种群结构。系统发育结果证实了来自群体遗传分析的结果。森林生境连通性的历史气候驱动通量对理解零散生境的生物多样性具有影响。

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