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Privacy in the Genomic Era

机译：基因组时代的隐私

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Genome sequencing technology has advanced at a rapid pace and it is now possible to generate highly-detailed genotypes inexpensively. The collection and analysis of such data has the potential to support various applications, including personalized medical services. While the benefits of the genomics revolution are trumpeted by the biomedical community, the increased availability of such data has major implications for personal privacy; notably because the genome has certain essential features, which include (but are not limited to) (i) an association with traits and certain diseases, (ii) identification capability (e.g., forensics), and (iii) revelation of family relationships. Moreover, direct-to-consumer DNA testing increases the likelihood that genome data will be made available in less regulated environments, such as the Internet and for-profit companies. The problem of genome data privacy thus resides at the crossroads of computer science, medicine, and public policy. While the computer scientists have addressed data privacy for various data types, there has been less attention dedicated to genomic data. Thus, the goal of this paper is to provide a systematization of knowledge for the computer science community. In doing so, we address some of the (sometimes erroneous) beliefs of this field and we report on a survey we conducted about genome data privacy with biomedical specialists. Then, after characterizing the genome privacy problem, we review the state-of-the-art regarding privacy attacks on genomic data and strategies for mitigating such attacks, as well as contextualizing these attacks from the perspective of medicine and public policy. This paper concludes with an enumeration of the challenges for genome data privacy and presents a framework to systematize the analysis of threats and the design of countermeasures as the field moves forward.
机译：基因组测序技术发展迅速，现在有可能廉价地产生高度详细的基因型。此类数据的收集和分析具有支持各种应用程序（包括个性化医疗服务）的潜力。虽然基因组学革命的好处被生物医学界所吹捧，但此类数据的可用性增加对个人隐私产生了重大影响；尤其是因为基因组具有某些基本特征，包括（但不限于）（i）与特征和某些疾病的关联；（ii）识别能力（例如法医）；以及（iii）揭示家庭关系。此外，直接面向消费者的DNA测试增加了在不受监管的环境中（如Internet和营利性公司）提供基因组数据的可能性。因此，基因组数据隐私问题一直处在计算机科学，医学和公共政策的十字路口。尽管计算机科学家已经针对各种数据类型解决了数据隐私问题，但是对于基因组数据的关注却很少。因此，本文的目的是为计算机科学界提供知识的系统化。通过这样做，我们解决了该领域的一些（有时是错误的）信念，并且我们与生物医学专家进行了一项有关基因组数据隐私的调查。然后，在描述了基因组隐私问题之后，我们回顾了有关基因组数据隐私攻击的最新技术以及缓解此类攻击的策略，并从医学和公共政策的角度对这些攻击进行了背景研究。本文以对基因组数据隐私面临的挑战进行了总结，并提出了一个框架，用于随着该领域的发展而将威胁分析和对策设计系统化。

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