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Modern Processing and Insights on Selenium Solar Cells: The World’s First Photovoltaic Device

机译：硒太阳能电池的现代加工技术和见解：世界上第一台光伏设备

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摘要

The first solid-state solar cells, fabricated approximate to 140 years ago, were based on selenium; these early studies initiated the modern research on photovoltaic materials. Selenium shows high absorption coefficient and mobility, making it an attractive absorber for high bandgap thin film solar cells. Moreover, the simplicity of a single element absorber, its low-temperature processing, and intrinsic environmental stability enable the utilization of selenium in extremely cheap and scalable solar cells. In this paper, a detailed study of selenium solar cell fabrication is presented, and the key factors that affect the selenium film morphology and the resulting device efficiency are presented. Specifically, the crystallization process from amorphous film into functional crystalline device is studied. The importance of controlling the process is shown, and methods to align the growth orientation are suggested. Finally, the crystallization process under illumination, which has general importance for the fabrication of thin film photovoltaics, is investigated. Specifically for selenium, the illumination significantly improves the film morphology and leads to device efficiency of 5.2%, with open-circuit voltage of 0.911 V, short-circuit current density of 10.2 mA cm(-2), and fill factor of 55.0%. These findings form a solid foundation for future improvements of the photovoltaic material and device architecture.
机译：大约140年前制造的第一批固态太阳能电池是基于硒的。这些早期研究启动了对光伏材料的现代研究。硒显示出高吸收系数和迁移率，使其成为高带隙薄膜太阳能电池有吸引力的吸收剂。此外，单元素吸收剂的简单性，其低温处理和固有的环境稳定性使硒能够用于极其便宜和可扩展的太阳能电池中。本文对硒太阳能电池的制造进行了详细的研究，并提出了影响硒膜形态和器件效率的关键因素。具体来说，研究了从非晶膜到功能晶体器件的结晶过程。显示了控制过程的重要性，并提出了调整生长方向的方法。最后，研究了在照明下的结晶过程，这对于制造薄膜光伏电池具有普遍意义。专门针对硒，照明可显着改善膜的形貌，并导致5.2％的器件效率，开路电压为0.911 V，短路电流密度为10.2 mA cm（-2），填充系数为55.0％。这些发现为将来光伏材料和器件架构的改进奠定了坚实的基础。

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