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Modern Processing and Insights on Selenium Solar Cells: The World’s First Photovoltaic Device

机译：硒太阳能电池的现代化加工和见解：世界上第一款光伏器件

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摘要

The first solid-state solar cells, fabricated approximate to 140 years ago, were based on selenium; these early studies initiated the modern research on photovoltaic materials. Selenium shows high absorption coefficient and mobility, making it an attractive absorber for high bandgap thin film solar cells. Moreover, the simplicity of a single element absorber, its low-temperature processing, and intrinsic environmental stability enable the utilization of selenium in extremely cheap and scalable solar cells. In this paper, a detailed study of selenium solar cell fabrication is presented, and the key factors that affect the selenium film morphology and the resulting device efficiency are presented. Specifically, the crystallization process from amorphous film into functional crystalline device is studied. The importance of controlling the process is shown, and methods to align the growth orientation are suggested. Finally, the crystallization process under illumination, which has general importance for the fabrication of thin film photovoltaics, is investigated. Specifically for selenium, the illumination significantly improves the film morphology and leads to device efficiency of 5.2%, with open-circuit voltage of 0.911 V, short-circuit current density of 10.2 mA cm(-2), and fill factor of 55.0%. These findings form a solid foundation for future improvements of the photovoltaic material and device architecture.
机译：第一个固态太阳能电池，近140年前均基于硒;这些早期研究开始了对光伏材料的现代研究。硒显示出高吸收系数和移动性，使其成为高带隙薄膜太阳能电池的有吸引力的吸收器。此外，单个元件吸收器的简单性，其低温处理和内在环境稳定性使得在极其便宜和可伸缩的太阳能电池中利用硒。本文介绍了对硒太阳能电池制造的详细研究，并提出了影响硒薄膜形态的关键因素及所得的装置效率。具体地，研究了从非晶膜到功能晶体装置中的结晶过程。示出了控制过程的重要性，并提出了对准生长取向的方法。最后，研究了照明的结晶过程，其具有一般对制造薄膜光伏的一般重要性。专为硒而言，照明显着改善了薄膜形态，导致装置效率为5.2％，开路电压为0.911 V，短路电流密度为10.2 mA cm（-2），填充率为55.0％。这些发现形成了坚实的基础，以便将来改进光伏材料和装置架构。

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