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THE CIVIL ENGINEER: On the occasion of a sesquicentennial

机译：民用工程人员：一百周年纪念之际

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摘要

Engineering is as old as civilization, but the concept of the engineer as distinct from the architect or master builder is relatively modern. This is not to say that there were no engineers in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. As Vit-ruvius's Ten Books of Architecture makes clear, in. ancient times individuals whom today we would call engineers were devising ingenious schemes and designing machinery to move construction materials and to storm fortifications. Such engineers were closely associated with military objectives and the organization of army-like workforces. The special talents of engineers to ensure the operation and security of walled cities were military assets, and the work of the engineers was naturally associated with military ends. In the 17th century, military engineers in France were organized under the Corps des fortifications, which was also known as the Corps du genie. This was an elite organization, with most of its members coming from French nobility. A military engineer who was also involved with civilian public works projects came to be referred to as a genie civil. When the term ingenieur was established in France as a means of distinguishing civil servants who had a more scientifically based training than did a technician, the word was also applied by the military to emphasize the theoretical foundations of its Corps des ingenieurs du genie militaire. The transition from a military- to a civil-engineering emphasis was completed when in 1720 the Corps des ingenieurs des ponts et chaussees was formed, with its special dedication to the construction of bridges and roads. By the middle of the 18th century, the Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussees was established, and it is generally considered to be the first school of civil engineering in the world.
机译：工程与文明一样古老，但是与建筑师或主建造者截然不同的工程师概念是相对现代的。这并不是说在古埃及，希腊和罗马都没有工程师。正如维特鲁维乌斯（Vit-ruvius）的《十本建筑学》所阐明的那样，在远古时代，今天我们称为工程师的人们正在设计巧妙的方案并设计用于移动建筑材料和攻防工事的机械。这些工程师与军事目标和类似军队的组织紧密相关。确保城墙城市的运营和安全的工程师的特殊才能是军事资产，而工程师的工作自然与军事目的相关。在17世纪，法国设防工兵组织成立了设防军，也被称为Gens du genie。这是一个精英组织，其大多数成员来自法国贵族。曾参与民用公共工程项目的一名军事工程师被称为土木精灵。在法国设立“工程师”一词是为了区别受过科学训练的公务员，而不是技术员。“军人”一词也被用来强调其“民兵组织”的理论基础。从军事到土木工程的过渡于1720年成立，当时专门致力于桥梁和道路的建设。到18世纪中叶，法国国立高等商学院成立了，它通常被认为是世界上第一所土木工程学院。

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  • 来源
    《American Scientist》 |2002年第2期|p.118-122|共5页
  • 作者

    Henry Petroski;

  • 作者单位

    Duke University Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708-0287;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

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