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Martian CH_4: Sources, Flux, and Detection

机译:火星CH_4:来源,通量和检测

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Recent observations have detected trace amounts of CH_4 heterogeneously distributed in the martian atmosphere, which indicated a subsurface CH_4 flux of ~2 x 10~5 to 2 x 10~9 cm~(-2) s~(-1). Four different origins for this CH_4 were considered: (1) volcanogenic; (2) sublimation of hydrate-rich ice; (3) diffusive transport through hydrate-saturated cryosphere; and (4) microbial CH_4 generation above the cryosphere. A diffusive flux model of the martian crust for He, H_2, and CH_4 was developed based upon measurements of deep fracture water samples from South Africa. This model distinguishes between abiogenic and microbial CH_4 sources based upon their isotopic composition, and couples microbial CH_4 production to H_2 generation by H_2O radiolysis. For a He flux of ~10~5 cm~(-2) s~(-1) this model yields an abiogenic CH_4 flux and a microbial CH_4 flux of ~10~6 and ~10~9 cm~(-2) s~(-1), respectively. This flux will only reach the martian surface if CH_4 hydrate is saturated in the cryosphere; otherwise it will be captured within the cryosphere. The sublimation of a hydrate-rich cryosphere could generate the observed CH_4 flux, whereas microbial CH_4 production in a hypersaline environment above the hydrate stability zone only seems capable of supplying ~10~5 cm~(-2) s~(-1) of CH_4. The model predicts that He/H_2/CH_4/C_2H_6 abundances and the C and H isotopic values of CH_4 and the C isotopic composition of C_2H_6 could reveal the different sources. Cavity ring-down spectrometers represent the instrument type that would be most capable of performing the C and H measurements of CH_4 on near future rover missions and pinpointing the cause and source of the CH_4 emissions.
机译:最近的观测发现火星大气中有痕量的CH_4异质分布,这表明地下CH_4的通量为〜2 x 10〜5至2 x 10〜9 cm〜(-2)s〜(-1)。该CH_4的四个不同来源被认为是:(1)火山成因; (2)升华富含水合物的冰块; (3)通过水合物饱和冰圈的扩散运输; (4)冰冻圈以上的微生物CH_4产生。基于对南非深部裂缝水样的测量,建立了He,H_2和CH_4火星地壳的扩散通量模型。该模型基于同位素CH_4的来源区分微生物来源和微生物来源,并通过H_2O辐射分解将微生物CH_4的产生与H_2的产生耦合。对于〜10〜5 cm〜(-2)s〜(-1)的He通量,该模型产生了非生物CH_4通量和微生物CH_4流量,分别为〜10〜6和〜10〜9 cm〜(-2)s 〜(-1)。如果CH_4水合物在冰冻层中饱和,则该通量将仅到达火星表面。否则它将被捕获在冰冻圈内。富含水合物的冰冻圈的升华可以产生观测到的CH_4通量,而在水合物稳定区以上的高盐环境中微生物CH_4的产生似乎只能提供〜10〜5 cm〜(-2)s〜(-1)的甲烷。 CH_4。该模型预测He / H_2 / CH_4 / C_2H_6的丰度以及CH_4的C和H同位素值以及C_2H_6的C同位素组成可以揭示不同的来源。腔衰荡光谱仪代表的仪器类型最有能力在不久的将来的漫游者任务中执行CH_4的C和H测量,并查明CH_4排放的原因和来源。

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