NIGHT FLIGHT: TWO-THIRDS OF A WINTER FLYING DAY

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NIGHT FLIGHT: TWO-THIRDS OF A WINTER FLYING DAY

机译：夜间航班：冬季飞行的三分之二

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So...are you night current? Really? The full boat? We're talking about something more than what's required by FAR 61.57, Recent flight experience. When did you last go up with a safety pilot and do multiple landings to a dark runway, someplace where you can turn off the pilot-controlled lighting? How about the last time you practiced landing with the cockpit dark and only a flashlight to help? How about without even a flashlight? An electrical failure at night shouldn't be the end of the world, but corroded night-emer- gency skills could tip the balance. Meanwhile, many a pilot over the years has expressed considerable skepticism at the claim one of the best tools for night flight is an oxygen bottle and a cannula or mask. But it's true. Yes, simple 02 can dramatically improve your night-flying experience and help minimize its risk.

机译：所以...你晚上流了吗？真？满满的船？我们谈论的不仅仅是FAR 61.57（近期飞行体验）所要求的。您上次是什么时候上安全飞行员并多次降落到黑暗的跑道上的某个可以关闭飞行员控制照明的地方？上次您在驾驶舱黑暗而只有手电筒的情况下练习降落怎么样？没有手电怎么办？夜间的电气故障不应该成为世界末日，但是腐蚀的夜间紧急技能可能会达到平衡。同时，多年来，许多飞行员表示怀疑，认为夜间飞行的最佳工具之一是氧气瓶和套管或口罩。但这是真的。是的，简单的02可以极大地改善您的夜间飞行体验，并最大程度地降低其飞行风险。

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《Aviation safety》 |2011年第11期|p.14|共1页
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6. Day and night use of habitats by northern pintails during winter in a primary rice-growing region of Iberia [O] . Manuel Parejo, Jorge S. Gutiérrez, Juan G. Navedo, 2012

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7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

机译：与产热香芋百合（Philodendron solimoesense）授粉生物学相关的动态圣甲虫（Cyclocephala colasi）吸热：Cyclocephala colasi甲虫是兼性吸热体，它们大部分成年生活都在Philodendron solimoesense的花序中，其平均温度（Ta）由于花的生热作用，温度约为28°C。在Ta范围内的呼吸测量表明，活跃的甲虫在Ta低于28°C时会自发吸热，而在Ta高于28°C时很少吸热。在花序中没有吸热的迹象，表明花室中的活动可以在没有高的吸热能量消耗的情况下发生。吸热的爆发主要发生在晚上，当昆虫通常从一个花序飞到另一个花序时，以及在晚上，它们通常在花序中进食并交配时，在呼吸计室的较低Ta处发生。在非飞行甲虫中通过呼吸测定法和红外热成像研究了单个发作中的吸热模式。伴随着胸温（Tth）升高的呼吸振荡波在胸腔中产生热量。固定甲虫可以在约33°C的温度下调节Tth，而与Ta在16至29°C之间的温度无关。在Ta20°C下，这表示其代谢速率比静止的，等温的升高116倍。吸热显然是飞行的要求，离开花序的甲虫在起飞前会升温到约30°C。在飞行过程中，Tth取决于Ta，在Ta从37降至20°C时，Tth分别从37°C降至28°C。可能发生飞行的最低Ta约为20°C。固定的，吸热的甲虫的热导率以较高的代谢率增加，这可能是由于通风热损失增加所致。

NIGHT FLIGHT: TWO-THIRDS OF A WINTER FLYING DAY

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