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首页> 外文期刊>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology >Optimal investment in sons and daughters when parents do not know the sex of their offspring
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Optimal investment in sons and daughters when parents do not know the sex of their offspring

机译：当父母不知道自己的后代性别时对儿子和女儿的最佳投资

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Optimal parental investment usually differs depending on the sex of the offspring. However, parents in most organisms cannot discriminate the sex of their young until those young are energetically independent. In a species with physical male–male competition, males are often larger and usually develop sexual ornaments, so male offspring are often more costly to produce. However, Onthophagus dung beetles (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) are highly dimorphic in secondary sexual characters, but sexually monomorphic in body size, despite strong male–male competition for mates. We demonstrate that because parents provide all resources required by their offspring before adulthood, O. atripennis exhibits no sexual size dimorphism irrespective of sexual selection pressure favoring sexual dimorphism. By constructing a graphic model with three fitness curves (for sons, daughters, and expected fitness return for parents), we demonstrate that natural selection favors parents that provide both sons and daughters with the optimal amount of investment for sons, which is far greater than that for daughters. This is because the cost of producing small sons, that are unable to compete for mates, is far greater than the cost of producing daughters that are larger than necessary. This theoretical prediction can explain sexual dimorphism without sexual size dimorphism, widely observed in species with crucial parental care such as dung beetles and leaf-rolling beetles, and may provide an insight into the enigmatic relationship between sexual size dimorphism and sexual dimorphism.
机译：最佳的父母投资通常取决于后代的性别。但是，在大多数有机体中，父母无法区分其幼年的性别，除非这些幼年在能量上独立。在具有雄性和雄性竞争的物种中，雄性通常更大，通常发育出性装饰品，因此雄性后代的生产成本通常更高。然而，尽管雌雄对雄的竞争激烈，但食虫On（Coleoptera； Scarabaeidae）的第二性征具有高度二态性，但在体型上却具有单态性。我们证明，由于父母在成年前提供了其后代所需的所有资源，所以无论是否选择有利于性双性的性选择压力，O。atripennis都不会表现出性双性。通过构建具有三个适应度曲线的图形模型（针对儿子，女儿，以及父母的预期适应回报），我们证明了自然选择偏向于为儿子和女儿提供最佳投资额的父母，这远大于给女儿的这是因为生产无法与伴侣竞争的小儿子的成本远远大于生产所需的小女儿的成本。这种理论上的预测可以解释没有性别大小二态性的性别二态性，这种现象在有粪便甲虫和卷叶甲虫等至关重要的父母关照的物种中得到了广泛观察，并且可以提供对性别大小二态性和性二态性之间的神秘关系的见解。

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