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Optimizing ventilation: Theoretical study on increasing rates in offices to maximize occupant productivity with constrained additional energy use

机译：优化通风：关于在办公室中增加使用率以最大程度提高乘员生产率和限制额外能源使用的理论研究

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Ventilation affects building energy use and indoor air quality, with minimum rates prescribed by standards. However, research has demonstrated positive outcomes associated with increasing ventilation, including occupant productivity from increased work performance and reduced absenteeism. Herein, a novel ventilation strategy was proposed and simulated for offices, which optimized day-averaged ventilation rates over an annual time horizon to provide maximal amounts of outdoor air and so maximize occupant productive work hours, within varying energy use constraints. Energy use and productivity were often influenced by ventilation oppositely, so results were Pareto optimal. This optimization methodology was simulated in three locations for an average- and high-performance small office building, considering users with varying levels of confidence in ventilation-productivity relationships. To contextualize potential optimization impacts, four annual energy budgets were first determined for a typical year at constant ventilation rates of 8.5, 10, 20, and 30 L/s/occupant, and then for those four cases, day-averaged ventilation rates were optimized over annual trajectories considering the constrained energy budgets. Among all simulated cases, lost productive hours due to lower ventilation at constant rates were halved when using the optimized higher annual rates, with a gain of similar to 20 h/year per occupant on average, amounting to approximately $48/m(2) at standard occupant density and mean wage. Offline optimization results were used to develop heuristic rules to predict a ventilation rate for any single day based on weather forecast that would adhere to a building- and climate-specific Pareto optimization, opening avenues for future control strategies that use this framework in real buildings.
机译：通风会影响建筑物的能源使用和室内空气质量，其最低速率由标准规定。但是，研究表明，与增加通风有关的积极结果，包括工作绩效提高和缺勤率降低所带来的乘员生产率。在此，提出了一种新颖的通风策略，并为办公室进行了模拟，该策略在一年的时间范围内优化了日均通风率，以提供最大数量的室外空气，从而在变化的能源使用约束条件下最大化了占用人的生产性工作时间。能源使用和生产率通常受到通风的相反影响，因此结果是帕累托最优的。考虑到对通风与生产率关系有不同置信度的用户，这种优化方法在三个位置上模拟了一座普通和高性能的小型办公楼。为了结合潜在的优化影响，首先确定典型年份的四个年度能源预算，恒定通风量分别为8.5、10、20和30 L / s /人，然后针对这四种情况，优化每日平均通风量考虑能源预算受限的年度轨迹。在所有模拟案例中，使用优化的较高年费率后，由于以恒定速率降低通风而导致的生产时间损失减少了一半，每位乘客平均每年可增加约20小时/年的收益，当年收益约为48美元/ m（2）。标准乘员密度和平均工资。离线优化结果用于制定启发式规则，根据天气预报进行每天的通风率预测，这些天气预报将遵循特定于建筑物和气候的帕累托优化方法，为在实际建筑物中使用此框架的未来控制策略提供了途径。

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