In the 1940s and early 1950s, the American home-building industry embarked on a period of intensive design and planning experimentation as they endeavored to produce faster, cheaper, and better-quality homes for lower income segments of the housing market than it had ever served before. Builders across the country engaged in robust design discourse, networks of design exchange, and campaigns of informal design research to produce what they termed "economy houses," or homes within the financial reach of the nation's lower-middle-class or working-class wage earners. Period builders experimented with modern and modular design, streamlined production processes, and cooperative building to create increasingly efficient and inexpensive economy houses. The results of their efforts reflect the building community's design acumen as well as the complex political economy of period housing development that guided builders' product development and design thinking. Joint examination of builders' products and industry design discourse reveal how the home-building industry's experimentation with economy housing simultaneously advanced the modernization of the building industry and reinforced its arguments in support of free markets, unfettered housing production, and private-sector building as the best answer to America's housing needs. NOTES 1. James A. Jacobs, Detached America: Building Houses in Postwar Suburbia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press,2015), 53. 2. Jacobs, Detached America, 95-99. 3. Greg Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 58. For additional insight on affordable housing mode development by builders in the interwar period, see Carolyn S. Loeb, Entrepreneurial Vernacular: Developers' Subdivisions in the 1920s (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). 4. National housing inventories showed up to 30 percent of nonfarm families lacked one or more of these conditions. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Division of Housing Research, The 1950 Housing Situation in Charts Based on Preliminary Results of the 1950 Census of Housing (Washington, D.C.: Housing and Home Finance Agency, 1951), 5. Accessed at Ephemera, Homes: Social, Economic, Demographic Issues, Box 2, Prelinger Library, San Francisco, Calif. 5. Jacobs, Detached America, 58; and Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles, 57, 60-69. 6. For more on the diversity of suburban housing forms and designs, see Barbara Miller Lane, Houses for a New World: Builders and Buyers in American Suburbs, 1945-1965 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2015). 7. Jacobs, Detached America, 52 8. Recent studies referenced include Jacobs, Detached America; Lane, Houses for a New World; Anna Vemer Andrzejewski, "Selling Suburbia: Marshall Erdman's Marketing Strategies for Prefabricated Buildings in the Postwar United States," in Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America, ed. John Archer, Paul J. P. Sandul, and Katherine Solomonson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015); Dianne Suzette Harris, ed., Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010); and John Archer, Architecture and Suburbia: From English Villa to American Dream House, 1690-2000 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005). A less recent but important study on pat- terns and drivers in period urban decentralization and house form development is Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles. See also Sandy Isenstadt, The Modern American House: Spaciousness and Middle-Class Identity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Annmarie Adams, "The Eichler Home: Intention and Experience in Postwar Suburbia," Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 5 (1995): 164-78; and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 9. Seward A. Mott, "Sound Subdividing Practice for Low-Cost Developments," National Real Estate Journal (March 1937): 47. 10. Robert E. Adams, "Realtor-Builders at Convention Urged to Build Low-Cost Homes," National Real Estate Journal (December 1936): 38. 11. Edith Elmer Wood, "The Housing Situation in the United States," in America Can't Have Housing, ed. Carol Aronovici (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1934). 25. 12. Robert D. Kohn, "A National Programme for Housing in the United States," in America Can't Have Housing, Ⅱ. 13. Catherine Bauer, "Housing: Paper Plans, or a Workers' Movement," in America Can't Have Housing, 20. 14. Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles, 149. 15. Housing and Home Finance Agency, A Summary of the Evolution of Housing Activities in the Federal Government (Washington, D.C: Office of the Administrator, Housing and Home Finance Agency, 1950), 8. Accessed at Ephemera, Homes: Social, economic, demographic issues, Prelinger Library, San Francisco, Calif. 16. Housing and Home Finance Agency, A Summary of the Evolution of Housing Activities in the Federal Government, 8-9. 17.
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机译：在20世纪40年代和20世纪50年代初，美国家庭建筑行业始于一段时间内的设计和规划实验，因为他们努力生产更快，更便宜，更优质的房屋，而不是曾经服过过的住房市场的收入部分前。全国各地的建筑商从事强大的设计话语，设计交流网络，和非正式设计研究的竞选活动，以在国家下阶层或工人级工资的金融范围内生产“经济房屋”或家园收入者。期间建设者试验现代和模块化设计，流线型生产过程，以及合作建筑，以创造日益效益且廉价的经济型房屋。他们努力的结果反映了建筑界的设计敏锐以及期间住房发展的复杂政治经济，引导建设者的产品开发和设计思维。联合审查建设者的产品和行业设计话语揭示了自制业界如何与经济住房的实验同时推进建筑业的现代化，加强其支持自由市场，不受约束的住房生产和私营部门建筑物的论据对美国住房需求的最佳答案。备注1.詹姆斯A.雅各布斯，独立式美国：邮颤郊区的建筑房屋（Charlottesville：弗吉尼亚大学出版社，2015年），53 .2。雅各布斯，拆开美国，95-99。 3. Greg Hise，磁洛杉矶：规划二十世纪的大都市（巴尔的摩：约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，1997），58。关于建设者在交织期间建设者的经济适用住房模式开发的额外见解，见Carolyn S. Loeb，创业白话：20世纪20年代开发人员的细分（巴尔的摩：约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，2001年）。 4.国家住房库存显示出高达30％的非野马家庭缺乏其中一个或多个这些条件。住房和家庭财务机构，住房研究部门，1950年住宅局面的图表基于1950年的住房普查（华盛顿特区：住房和家庭财务机构，1951），5.在Ephemera，Homes：社交，经济，人口统计问题，方框2，旧金山，加利福尼亚州旧金山。雅各布，美国独立，58;和Hise，磁洛杉矶，57,60-69。 6.有关郊区住房形式和设计的多样性，请参阅Barbara Miller Lane，新世界的房屋：美国郊区的建筑商和买家，1945-1965（普林斯顿，N.J：普林斯顿大学出版社，2015年出版社。 7.雅各布斯，脱水美国，52 8.最近的研究包括雅各布，拆开美国;车道，新世界的房屋; Anna Vemer Andrzejewski，“销售郊区：Marshall Erdman在美国战后建筑物的预制建筑物的营销策略，”在制作郊区：日常美国的新历史，ED。 John Archer，Paul J. P. Sandul和Katherine Solomonson（明尼阿波利斯：明尼苏达大学出版社，2015年）; Dianne Suzette Harris，Ed。，第二郊区：宾夕法尼亚州Levittown（匹兹堡：匹兹堡大学出版社，2010年）;和约翰·阿克勒，建筑和郊区：从英国别墅到美国梦房子，1690-2000（明尼阿波利斯：明尼苏达大学出版社，2005年）。近期，但在城市分权和房屋形态发展中的Patterns和司机的重要研究是Hise，磁洛杉矶。另见Sandy Isenstadt，现代美国房子：宽敞和中产阶级身份（纽约：剑桥大学出版社，2006年）; Annmarie Adams，“Eichler Home：战后郊区的意图和经验，”白话建筑的观点（1995年）：164-78;和Kenneth T. Jackson，Crabgrass Frentier：美国的郊区化（纽约：牛津大学出版社，1985年）。 9. SEWARD A. MOTT，“低成本发展的声音细分实践”国家房地产期刊（1937年3月）：47 .10。罗伯特E. Adams，“公约的地球制造商敦促建造低价住宅， “国家房地产期刊（1936年12月）：38 .11。伊甸埃德·埃尔默木材，”美国的住房局势“，美国不能有住房，艾德。 Carol Aronovici（纽约：现代艺术博物馆，1934年）。 25. 12.罗伯特D. Kohn，“美国的国家住房计划”，美国不能拥有住房，Ⅱ。 13. Catherine Bauer，“住房：造纸计划或工人运动”，在美国不能拥有住房，20 .14。14. Hise，磁洛杉矶，149.15。住房和家庭财政机构，摘要联邦政府的住房活动的演变（华盛顿特区：管理员办事处，住房和家庭财务机构，1950年），8.在Ephemera，Homes：社会，经济，人口问题，加利福尼亚州旧金山，旧金山16.住房和家庭财务机构，联邦政府住房活动演变的摘要，8-9。 17。
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