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首页> 外文期刊>Canadian Water Resources Journal >The 2011 flood event in the Assiniboine River Basin: causes, assessment and damages
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The 2011 flood event in the Assiniboine River Basin: causes, assessment and damages

机译：阿西尼博因河流域2011年洪水事件：成因，评估和损失

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In spring and summer of 2011, the Assiniboine River and its tributaries underwent a flood of unprecedented proportions. It was, by several measures, including the computed return period and duration of flooding, a more extreme event than the 1997 Red River "Flood of the Century," and may have been the most severe flood experienced in the history of Canada. The 2011 flood was the largest recorded in the over 100 years that flow records have been kept on the Assiniboine River. As reported in the 2013 Manitoba 2011 Flood Review Task Force Report, antecedent conditions, winter snowpack and summer rains combined to produce one of the largest floods ever experienced in Manitoba. The spring of 2011 was preceded by a very wet fall in 2010 when precipitation averaged between 150 and 200% of normal over a wide area in Manitoba and Saskatchewan This produced extremely high regional antecedent moisture conditions whereby soil moisture levels were 100 to 250% of the long-term average. Added to this, the winter snowpack was relatively high, varying geographically in the range of 90 to 130% of normal snow water content and lower-than-normal winter temperatures, causing significant frost penetration. The combination of high soil moisture in the previous summer/fall and deep frost penetration reduced the soil's ability to absorb spring meltwater and increased runoff volumes contributing to the magnitude of the spring peak. The severe winter was followed by a series of rainfall events that resulted in unprecedented rainfall volumes in the region throughout the months of May, June and July, when some areas received rainfall amounts that were 350% of normal and produced up to two additional flood peaks at some locations. Flooding on the Assiniboine River near Brandon lasted for 120 days. Large volumes of floodwater were diverted to Lake Manitoba due to the use of the Portage Diversion to mitigate flooding downstream of the City of Portage La Prairie. This large volume of inflow resulted in a wind-effect-eliminated Lake Manitoba level that peaked at 249.1 m in late July of 2011, which was close to 1 m higher than flood stage and almost 1.5 m higher than the top of the desirable range. Peak outflow from Lake Manitoba into the Fairford River was almost double historic maxima and resulted in Lake St. Martin levels that peaked in July of 2011 at 245.55 m, which was more than 0.6 m higher than the historic peak that occurred under natural conditions in 1955, and 1.4 m above flood stage. The damage estimate for this flood event has not been finalized but is likely in excess of CAD $1 billion. The majority of flood damages were incurred by communities and infrastructure along major tributaries like the Souris and Qu'Appelle Rivers, and the communities on Lake Manitoba and Lake St. Martin. The Lake St. Martin First Nations community was virtually destroyed, and as of 2014 some First Nations people from the communities along Lake St. Martin are still evacuated and waiting for their homes and communities to be rebuilt. Temporary flood control works were largely effective in preventing infrastructure damage to communities along the Assiniboine River, such as Brandon, although the agricultural damage and damage to individual properties were extensive.
机译：2011年春季和夏季，阿西尼博因河及其支流遭受了前所未有的洪水。通过一些措施，包括计算得出的洪水返还期和洪水持续时间，它是比1997年红河“世纪洪水”更为极端的事件，并且可能是加拿大历史上经历的最严重的洪水。 2011年的洪水是100多年来最大的记录，其流量记录一直保存在阿西尼博因河上。根据《 2013年马尼托巴省2011年洪水审查工作组报告》的报告，先前的条件，冬季积雪和夏季降雨加在一起，是马尼托巴有史以来最大的洪水之一。 2011年春季之前，2010年降雨非常潮湿，曼尼托巴省和萨斯喀彻温省的大部分地区的平均降水量为正常水平的150％至200％。这产生了极高的区域前期湿度条件，土壤湿度为该地区土壤湿度的100％至250％长期平均。除此之外，冬季积雪相对较高，在地理上变化范围为正常雪水含量的90％至130％，并且冬季温度低于正常水平，从而导致大量的霜冻渗透。前一个夏季/秋天的高土壤湿度与深层的霜冻渗透相结合，降低了土壤吸收春季融化水的能力，并增加了径流量，从而影响了春季高峰。严冬之后，发生了一系列降雨事件，导致该地区在五月，六月和七月的整个月内出现了前所未有的降雨量，当时一些地区的降雨量达到正常水平的350％，并产生了另外两个洪峰在某些位置。布兰登附近的阿西尼博因河上的洪水持续了120天。由于使用了Portage Diversion来减轻Portage La Prairie市下游的洪水，大量洪水被转移到曼尼托巴湖。大量的流入导致曼尼托巴湖的风蚀消除水平在2011年7月下旬达到249.1 m的峰值，比洪水期高出近1 m，比理想范围的顶部高出近1.5 m。从曼尼托巴湖流入费尔福德河的峰值几乎是历史最高值的两倍，导致圣马丁湖水位在2011年7月达到最高峰245.55 m，比1955年自然条件下的历史峰值高出0.6 m以上。 ，在洪水位以上1.4 m。该洪水事件的损失估计尚未最终确定，但可能超过10亿加元。洪水的大部分破坏是由主要支流（如苏里斯河和库佩勒河）以及曼尼托巴湖和圣马丁湖上的社区沿线的社区和基础设施造成的。圣马丁湖原住民社区几乎被摧毁，截至2014年，圣马丁湖沿岸社区的一些原住民仍在撤离，等待重建家园和社区。临时防洪工程在防止基础设施对阿西尼博因河沿岸的社区（例如布兰登）造成的破坏方面非常有效，尽管农业破坏和对单个财产的破坏很大。

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