Market forces can be powerful agents for innovation and change, particularly when their direction of travel is guided by clear signals from governments. The UK market response to the landfill tax, introduced in the late 1990s, is one example of the power of the market to deliver positive change from a regulatory nudge. Over the past 20 years, the UK's waste management sector has invested billioas in new alternative-treatment technology to drive material out of landfill and further up the waste hierarchy - with this investment underpinned by the landfill tax.
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