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Policing carbon: design and enforcement options for personal carbon trading

机译：监管碳：个人碳交易的设计和执行选项

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Different approaches have been suggested for extending the reach of carbon trading into the whole economy by including the emissions resulting from individual consumption of energy. The most radical suggestions involve granting emissions rights to individuals - known as 'personal carbon trading' (PCT). A taxonomy is provided of various proposed design options along with consideration of the previously neglected issue of who surrenders the emissions rights and how this is enforced. PCT relies on an enforcement system in which the penalty level determines the price at which constrained actors will breach the cap. Breaching the cap may require a 'safety valve' option to cap carbon prices at politically acceptable levels. This could weaken the argument that PCT guarantees certainty of the environmental outcome. Enforcement is examined for three sets of actors: primary fuel suppliers (upstream), suppliers of final energy (midstream), and the final users themselves (downstream). The choice leads to very different consequences for the design and political economy of the resulting carbon markets. Although upstream enforcement is relatively straightforward, it would not lead to the strong involvement of individuals in carbon markets. Midstream enforcement could encourage more citizen engagement, but cannot guarantee it. Downstream enforcement through end-users would be administratively complex and is politically unlikely.
机译：已经提出了各种不同的方法，通过包括由个人能源消耗产生的排放，将碳交易的范围扩展到整个经济。最激进的建议涉及授予个人排放权，即“个人碳交易”（PCT）。提供了一种分类法，包括各种提议的设计方案，并考虑了先前被忽略的问题，即谁放弃了排放权以及如何执行排放权。 PCT依靠执法系统，在该系统中，罚款水平决定了受约束的行为者违反上限的价格。超出上限可能需要“安全阀”选项，以将碳价限制在政治上可接受的水平。这可能会削弱有关PCT保证环境成果确定性的论点。对执法人员的三组参与者进行了检查：主要燃料供应商（上游），最终能源供应商（中游）和最终用户本身（下游）。这种选择对由此产生的碳市场的设计和政治经济产生了截然不同的后果。尽管上游执法相对简单，但这不会导致个人大力参与碳市场。中游执法可以鼓励更多的公民参与，但不能保证这样做。通过最终用户进行下游执法在行政上将是复杂的，并且在政治上不太可能。

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