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首页> 外文期刊>BMC Genetics >Modeling honey yield, defensive and swarming behaviors of Italian honey bees ( Apis mellifera ligustica ) using linear-threshold approaches
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Modeling honey yield, defensive and swarming behaviors of Italian honey bees ( Apis mellifera ligustica ) using linear-threshold approaches

机译：使用线性阈值方法模拟意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica）的蜂蜜产量，防御行为和蜂群行为

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Genetic improvement of honey bees is more difficult compared to other livestock, due to the very different reproductive behavior. Estimation of breeding values requires specific adjustment and the use of sires in the pedigree is only possible when mating of queens and drones is strictly controlled. In the breeding program of the National Registry for Italian Queen Breeders and Bee Producers the paternal contribution is mostly unknown. As stronger modeling may compensate for the lack of pedigree information, we tested two models that differed in the way the direct and maternal effects were considered. The two models were tested using 4003 records for honey yield, defensive and swarming behaviors of Italian honey bee queens produced between 2002 and 2014. The first model accounted for the direct genetic effect of worker bees and the genetic maternal effect of the queen, whereas model 2 considered the direct genetic effect of the queen without maternal effect. The analyses were performed by linear (honey production) and threshold (defensive and swarming behavior) single-trait models; estimated genetic correlations among traits were obtained by a three-trait linear-threshold model. For all traits, the highest predictability (correlation between breeding values estimated with and without performance records) was obtained with model 2, where direct genetic effect of queens was considered. With this model, heritability estimates were 0.26 for honey yield, 0.36 for defensive behavior, and 0.34 for swarming behavior. Multi-trait estimation resulted in similar or higher heritability estimates for all traits. A low, positive genetic correlation (0.19) was found between honey yield and defensive behavior, whereas the genetic correlation between honey yield and swarming behavior was moderate (0.41). A strong, positive genetic correlation was found between defensive and swarming behaviors (0.62). Predictability for multi-trait evaluations was higher for honey yield (0.46) and defensive behavior (0.30) but almost identical for swarming behavior (0.45) compared to corresponding single-trait predictability. Multi-trait evaluation using a model that accounts for the direct genetic effect of queen was the best approach for breeding value estimation of Italian honey bees. The results suggest a new direction for selection of linear and categorical traits in breeding programs where drone origin is unknown.
机译：与蜜蜂相比，蜜蜂的遗传改良更为困难，因为它们的繁殖行为截然不同。育种值的估算需要进行特定的调整，并且只有在严格控制女王和无人机的交配的情况下，才可以在系谱中使用父系。在意大利女王种犬和蜜蜂生产者国家注册局的育种计划中，父系贡献几乎是未知的。由于更强的建模可以弥补谱系信息的不足，因此我们测试了两种模型，这些模型在考虑直接效应和母体效应的方式上有所不同。使用4003个记录对这两个模型进行了测试，以记录2002年至2014年间生产的意大利蜂皇后的蜂蜜产量，防御和蜂群行为。第一个模型说明了工蜂的直接遗传效应和蜂皇的遗传母体效应，而模型2认为女王的直接遗传效应没有母体效应。通过线性（蜂蜜生产）和阈值（防御和蜂群行为）单性状模型进行分析。通过三性状线性阈值模型获得了性状之间的估计遗传相关性。对于所有性状，模型2获得了最高的可预测性（在有无业绩记录的情况下估计的育种值之间的相关性），其中考虑了皇后的直接遗传效应。使用此模型，蜂蜜产量的遗传力估计值为0.26，防御行为的遗传力估计值为0.36，而蜂群行为的遗传力估计值为0.34。多性状估计导致所有性状的相似性或更高的遗传力估计。蜂蜜产量与防御行为之间的遗传相关性较低（0.19），而蜂蜜产量与群体行为的遗传相关性中等（0.41）。在防御行为和群体行为之间发现了强烈的正相关性（0.62）。与相应的单性状可预测性相比，蜂蜜产量（0.46）和防御行为（0.30）的多性状评估的可预测性较高，但成群行为（0.45）几乎相同。使用解释皇后直接遗传效应的模型进行多性状评估是估计意大利蜜蜂育种价值的最佳方法。这些结果为选择无人机起源不明的育种计划中的线性和分类性状提供了新的方向。

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