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Strategies for increasing fertility in high productivity dairy herds

机译：提高高产奶牛群生育力的策略

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Over the years, the dairy cow has been selected and managed for high performance and efficiency in milk production. Thus, different factors influence the fertility of dairy cows of high productivity. It has been observed that genetic selection for large productions and metabolic adaptations may explain the greater requirement to maintain reproduction at satisfactory levels. Also, these animals are more susceptible to environmental factors such as increased temperature and humidity. Studies have shown that heat stress results in reduced estrous expression and impairs ovarian function, interfering with folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Likewise, under heat stress conditions, dry matter intake is reduced, prolonging the after calving negative energy balance and calving-conception interval. Thus, suboptimal reproductive performance is one of the main factors responsible for the economic losses in large dairy farms. In this context, numerous management practices have been introduced to improve reproduction in high productivity animals, making reproductive management increasingly complex in dairy farms. Among them, we can mention the implementation of management and nutrition conditions adapted to the periods of heat stress, as well as protocols and biotechniques that improve the quality of the follicles and oocytes. Thus, because genetic selection for better fertility animals is a characteristic of low heritability, the success of reproductive programs in highly productive herds depends on the association of the control of genetic and physiological factors with those of environmental, nutritional and management. This paper aims to discuss reproductive aspects of dairy cows of high productivity, the role of heat stress in this context, and the implementation of management, nutrition and biotechnology conditions, to minimize the adverse effects on the reproduction of these animals.
机译：多年来，奶牛已经被选择和管理以提高牛奶生产的性能和效率。因此，不同的因素影响着高产奶牛的生育能力。已经观察到，用于大量生产和代谢适应的遗传选择可以解释对维持繁殖在满意水平的更大要求。而且，这些动物更容易受到环境因素的影响，例如温度和湿度的升高。研究表明，热应激会导致发情表达降低并影响卵巢功能，从而干扰卵泡生成和类固醇生成。同样，在热应激条件下，减少了干物质的摄入，延长了产犊后的负能量平衡和产犊受孕间隔。因此，繁殖性能欠佳是造成大型奶牛场经济损失的主要因素之一。在这种情况下，已经引入了许多管理措施来改善高生产率动物的繁殖，从而使奶牛场的繁殖管理越来越复杂。其中，我们可以提到适应于热应激时期的管理和营养条件的实施，以及改善卵泡和卵母细胞质量的方案和生物技术。因此，由于为更好的繁殖力动物进行遗传选择是遗传力低的特征，因此在高产畜群中繁殖计划的成功取决于遗传和生理因素的控制与环境，营养和管理因素之间的联系。本文旨在讨论高产奶牛的繁殖方面，热应激在这种情况下的作用以及管理，营养和生物技术条件的实施，以最大程度地减少对这些动物繁殖的不利影响。

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