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Impacts of oxidative stress on bovine sperm function and subsequent in vitro embryo development

机译：氧化应激对牛精子功能及随后体外胚胎发育的影响

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Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm are essential for various sperm functions such as capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. However, increased synthesis of ROS or a disruption of antioxidative status (e.g. in cryopreserved sperm) can induce oxidative stress (OS). Sperm are particularly vulnerable to OS, as their plasma membrane contains large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and they have limited antioxidative capacity (due to low cytoplasmic volume). Oxidative stress disturbs sperm function by damaging sperm proteins, lipids and DNA. Under relatively low OS sperm may retain their fertilizing ability, which might result in transfer of impaired paternal molecules (e.g. damaged DNA) to the fertilized oozyte. Oocytes can repair damaged paternal DNA, but only to a certain extent. Most embryos are either repaired (based on limited DNA damage in blastocysts) or eliminated (based on low percentage of blastocyst formation when sperm with damaged DNA is used for fertilization). However, some blastocysts had increases in both DNA damage and apoptosis, which could have important implications for subsequent development. In several studies, exogenous antioxidants improved quality of sperm exposed to oxidative stress and subsequent embryo development. However, there is still a knowledge gap regarding whether these alterations affect embryonic survival and further development to a live fetus and healthy offspring.
机译：精子中低水平的活性氧（ROS）对于精子的各种功能（如获能，过度激活和顶体反应）至关重要。然而，ROS合成的增加或抗氧化状态的破坏（例如，在冷冻保存的精子中）会诱导氧化应激（OS）。精子特别容易受到OS的侵害，因为它们的质膜含有大量的多不饱和脂肪酸，并且抗氧化能力有限（由于胞浆体积小）。氧化应激会破坏精子的蛋白质，脂质和DNA，从而干扰精子的功能。在相对较低的OS下，精子可以保留其受精能力，这可能导致受损的父本分子（例如受损的DNA）转移到受精卵囊中。卵母细胞可以修复受损的父亲DNA，但只能在一定程度上修复。大多数胚胎要么被修复（基于胚泡中有限的DNA损伤），要么被淘汰（基于当将具有受损DNA的精子用于受精时，胚泡形成的百分比较低）。但是，某些胚泡的DNA损伤和凋亡均增加，这可能对随后的发育具有重要意义。在一些研究中，外源抗氧化剂改善了精子暴露于氧化应激和随后胚胎发育的质量。但是，关于这些改变是否影响胚胎存活以及对胎儿和健康后代的进一步发育，仍然存在知识空白。

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