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How emissions, climate, and land use change will impact mid-century air quality over the United States: a focus on effects at national parks

机译:排放,气候和土地利用的变化将如何影响美国整个世纪中期的空气质量:重点关注国家公园的影响

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We use a global coupled chemistry–climate–land model (CESM) to assess theintegrated effect of climate, emissions and land use changes on annualsurface O3 and PM2.5 in the United States with a focus on nationalparks (NPs) and wilderness areas, using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 projections. Weshow that, when stringent domestic emission controls are applied, air qualityis predicted to improve across the US, except surface O3 over thewestern and central US under RCP8.5 conditions, where rising backgroundozone counteracts domestic emission reductions. Under the RCP4.5 scenario,surface O3 is substantially reduced (about 5 ppb), with daily maximum8 h averages below the primary US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 75 ppb (and even 65 ppb)in all the NPs. PM2.5 is significantly reduced in both scenarios (4 μg m?3; ~50%), with levels below the annual US EPA NAAQS of12 μg m?3 across all the NPs; visibility is also improved(10–15 dv; >75 km in visibility range), although some western US parkswith Class I status (40–74 % of total sites in the US) are still above the2050 planned target level to reach the goal of natural visibility conditionsby 2064. We estimate that climate-driven increases in fire activity maydominate summertime PM2.5 over the western US, potentially offsettingthe large PM2.5 reductions from domestic emission controls, and keepingvisibility at present-day levels in many parks. Our study indicates thatanthropogenic emission patterns will be important for air quality in 2050.However, climate and land use changes alone may lead to a substantialincrease in surface O3 (2–3 ppb) with important consequences for O3air quality and ecosystem degradation at the US NPs. Our study illustratesthe need to consider the effects of changes in climate, vegetation, and firesin future air quality management and planning and emission policy making.
机译:我们使用全球化学-气候-土地耦合模型(CESM)来评估气候,排放量和土地利用变化对美国年度地表O 3 和PM 2.5 的综合影响使用RCP4.5和RCP8.5预测重点关注国家公园和荒野地区的州。我们显示,如果实行严格的国内排放控制,则在RCP8.5条件下,美国西部和中部地区的地面O 3 除外,美国的空气质量预计会改善,在这种情况下,背景o的升高抵消了国内排放量的减少。在RCP4.5方案下,表面O 3 显着降低(约5 ppb),每天最高8小时平均值低于主要美国环境保护署(EPA)的国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)的水平。所有NP中的浓度为75 ppb(甚至65 ppb)。在两种情况下,PM 2.5 均显着降低(4μgm 3 ;〜50%),其水平低于美国年度EPA NAAQS 12μgm ?3 在所有NP中;能见度也得到了改善(10-15 dv;能见度范围> 75 km),尽管美国西部一些具有I级状态的公园(占美国总站点的40-74%)仍高于2050年计划的目标水平,以实现到2064年自然能见度条件。我们估计,由气候驱动的火灾活动增加可能占美国西部夏季PM 2.5 的主导,可能抵消了国内排放控制中PM 2.5 的大幅减少,并且在许多公园保持当今水平的可见性。我们的研究表明,人为排放模式对2050年的空气质量至关重要。但是,仅气候和土地利用的变化可能会导致表面O 3 (2-3 ppb)的大幅增加,这对O美国NPs的 3 空气质量和生态系统退化。我们的研究表明,有必要在未来的空气质量管理,规划和排放政策制定中考虑气候,植被和火灾的变化的影响。

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