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Unconscious selection drove seed enlargement in vegetable crops

机译：无意识的选择推动了蔬菜作物种子的增长

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Abstract Domesticated grain crops evolved from wild plants under human cultivation, losing natural dispersal mechanisms to become dependent upon humans, and showing changes in a suite of other traits, including increasing seed size. There is tendency for seed enlargement during domestication to be viewed as the result of deliberate selection for large seeds by early farmers. However, like some other domestication traits, large seeds may have evolved through natural selection from the activities of people as they gathered plants from the wild, or brought them into cultivation in anthropogenic settings. Alternatively, larger seeds could have arisen via pleiotropic effects or genetic linkage, without foresight from early farmers, and driven by selection that acted on other organs or favored larger plants. We have separated these unconscious selection effects on seed enlargement from those of deliberate selection, by comparing the wild and domesticated forms of vegetable crops. Vegetables are propagated by planting seeds, cuttings, or tubers, but harvested for their edible leaves, stems, or roots, so that seed size is not a direct determinant of yield. We find that landrace varieties of seven vegetable crops have seeds that are 20% to 2.5-times larger than those of their closest wild relatives. These domestication effect sizes fall completely within the equivalent range of 14% to 15.2-times for grain crops, although domestication had a significantly larger overall effect in grain than vegetable crops. Seed enlargement in vegetable crops that are propagated vegetatively must arise from natural selection for larger seeds on the occasions when plants recruit from seed and are integrated into the crop gene pool, or via a genetic link to selection for larger plants or organs. If similar mechanisms operate across all species, then unconscious selection during domestication could have exerted stronger effects on the seed size of our staple crops than previously realized.
机译：摘要驯化的谷物作物是在人类栽培下从野生植物演化而来的，失去了自然传播机制而变得依赖于人类，并表现出一系列其他特征的变化，包括种子尺寸的增加。驯养期间种子增长的趋势被认为是早期农民故意选择大种子的结果。但是，像其他一些驯化性状一样，大种子可能是通过人们从野外采集植物或在人为环境中种植植物时从自然活动中选择出来而进化而来的。另外，较大的种子可能是通过多效作用或遗传联系而产生的，而没有早期农民的预见，并且是由对其他器官起作用或偏爱较大植物的选择驱动的。通过比较蔬菜作物的野生形式和驯养形式，我们已经将这些无意识的选择对种子繁殖的影响与故意选择的影响分开了。蔬菜是通过播种种子，插条或块茎繁殖的，但收获时是为了食用叶，茎或根，因此种子的大小不是产量的直接决定因素。我们发现，七种蔬菜作物的地方品种的种子比其最接近的野生亲缘种的种子大20％至2.5倍。这些驯化效果的大小完全落在谷物作物的14％到15.2倍的等效范围内，尽管驯化对谷物的总体效果要比蔬菜作物大得多。当植物从种子中募集并整合到作物基因库中时，必须通过对较大种子的自然选择，或通过遗传途径与较大植物或器官进行选择，才能通过自然选择对较大种子进行蔬菜繁殖。如果所有物种都采用类似的机制，那么驯化过程中的无意识选择可能会对我们的主要农作物的种子大小产生比以前意识到的更大的影响。

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