The impact of biomics technology and DNA directedanti-obesity targeting of the brain reward circuitry

Dr. Kenneth Blum

摘要

Obesity-related medical conditions are the second leading cause of death in the U.S. Classified as a chronic disease in 1985, the understanding of obesity and its causes and effects has been further elucidated through additional research into the evolution of genetic and biologic influencing factors of this deadly disease. What used to be understood as primarily a behavioral problem of overeating and under-exercising, has only contributed to continued increases in the rates of obesity despite increases in dieting and exercise. Successful strategies to effectively induce sustainable fat loss and manage obesity have been elusive. For the most part, the tactics employed45I. Introduction An Evolutionary Genomic Trieste Obesity used to be understood in fairly elementarybehavioral terms: eating too much and exercising too little results in excess body weight, due in large part to a lack of willpower or self-restraint. But as people have increased their dieting and exercise, the rates of obesity continue to rise as the combined prevalence of overweight and obese persons in the US have increased from 46% of the adult population (NHANES II, 1976 to 1980) to over 60% of the adult population in NHANES III (1988-1994). In 1985, obesity was recognized as a chronic medical disease with serious health implications caused by a complex set of factors. Obesity-related medical conditions contribute to 300,000 deaths each year, second only to smoking as a cause of preventable death (Hill, 2006). Obesity has been established as a major risk factor for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, and some cancers in both men and women. Obesity affects 58 million people across the nation and its prevalence is increasing (source: U.S. Census Bureau). Approximately one-third of American adults are estimated to be obese, and 60% are overweight.In response to this rising epidemic, the medical, food and fitness communities have consistently told Americans to just make behavioral modifications, such as diet and exercise. As scientific advancements have demonstrated inother neurological healthcare conditions such as alcoholism, there are important biological and genetic components that limit the efficacy of behavioral adjustments alone.Eighteen years ago, Blum and colleagues published in 1990 landmark research suggesting that another prevalenthealthcareconditionwhichhadbeen traditionally characterized in behavioral terms like obesity, namely alcoholism, also had a hereditary or genetic component and that genetic information could explain why such a condition could be found to “run in the family”. Blum’s research (Blum et al, 2007) continued to explain how knowing this important genetic information could then caution certain genotypes to adjust their dietary intake and environments to overcome this genetic predisposition. In a recent study of 11,000 Americans, results suggested that more than 75% of obese Americans (n=3,100) say they have healthy eating habits. According to this survey, 40 percent of obese people also said they do “vigorous” exercise at least three times per week. In this survey by Thomson Medstat, a Michigan-based healthcare research firm, obese people reported similar behaviors in snacking, reading nutritional labels, and eating out when compared to normal weight people. Weight loss alone is difficult, but sustainable weight loss is exceedingly difficult. Most people regain as much as two-thirds ofBlum et al: Obesity and reward circuitryhave not been multi-faceted, multi-system approaches, but have been characterized by one-dimensional metabolic approaches targeted at achieving weight loss as measured by linear criteria (i.e. scale weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), percent body fat, etc). Recent evidence indicates a much more complex and multidimensional syndrome, characterized by the simultaneous breakdown of many facets of metabolism exacerbated or limited by the predispositions of inherited genetic traits. There is significant e

机译：肥胖相关的医学状况是美国第二大死亡原因，在1985年被归类为慢性疾病，通过对该疾病的遗传和生物学影响因素的演变进行进一步研究，进一步阐明了对肥胖及其原因和作用的理解。致命的疾病。尽管节食和运动增加，但过去被认为主要是暴饮暴食和运动不足的行为问题，仅导致肥胖率持续增加。有效诱导持续性脂肪减少和控制肥胖的成功策略一直难以捉摸。在大多数情况下，战术采用45I。简介进化基因组里雅斯特肥胖症通常被理解为基本的行为：过多进食和过度锻炼会导致体重超重，这在很大程度上是由于缺乏意志力或自我约束。但是随着人们节食和运动的增加，肥胖率继续上升，因为美国超重和肥胖者的合并患病率已从成人的46％（NHANES II，1976年至1980年）增加到60％以上NHANES III（1988-1994）的成年人口。 1985年，肥胖症被认为是一种慢性医学疾病，由于一系列复杂的因素而对健康产生严重影响。与肥胖相关的医疗状况每年导致30万人死亡，仅次于吸烟（可预防的死亡原因）（Hill，2006）。肥胖已被确定为男性和女性高血压，心血管疾病，2型糖尿病和某些癌症的主要危险因素。肥胖症在全国范围内影响着5800万人，其患病率正在上升（来源：美国人口普查局）。据估计，约有三分之一的美国成年人肥胖，其中60％的人超重。为了应对这种流行病，医疗，食品和健身社区一直要求美国人改变饮食和运动等行为习惯。随着科学进步证明了其他神经疾病的健康状况，例如酗酒，一些重要的生物学和遗传因素限制了行为矫正的有效性.18年前，Blum及其同事在1990年发表了具有里程碑意义的研究，提出了另一种普遍存在的健康状况，传统上以行为术语为特征像肥胖症（例如酗酒）一样，也有遗传或遗传成分，而遗传信息可以解释为什么会发现这种情况“在家庭中发生”。 Blum的研究（Blum等，2007）继续解释了如何知道这一重要的遗传信息，然后如何警示某些基因型来调整其饮食摄入量和环境，以克服这种遗传易感性。在最近对11,000名美国人的研究中，结果表明，超过75％的肥胖美国人（n = 3,100）说他们有健康的饮食习惯。根据这项调查，40％的肥胖者还表示，他们每周至少进行3次“剧烈”运动。在总部位于密歇根州的一家医疗研究公司Thomson Medstat进行的这项调查中，与正常体重的人相比，肥胖的人在零食，阅读营养标签和外出就餐中表现出相似的行为。仅减肥是困难的，但是可持续减肥是极其困难的。大多数人重拾Blum等人的三分之二：肥胖和奖赏电路还不是多方面的，多系统的方法，但是其特征在于，一维代谢方法旨在实现通过线性标准衡量的减肥（即体重，体重指数（BMI），体脂百分比等）。最近的证据表明，一种更为复杂和多维的综合症，其特征是新陈代谢的许多方面同时崩溃，而新陈代谢又由于遗传遗传特征的易感性而受到限制。有显着的电子

The impact of biomics technology and DNA directedanti-obesity targeting of the brain reward circuitry

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