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Language Adapts to Environment: Sonority and Temperature

机译：语言适应环境：声音和温度

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The phonetic patterns of human spoken languages have been claimed to be in part shaped by environmental conditions in the locales where they are spoken. This follows predictions of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis, previously mainly applied to the study of bird song, which proposes that differential transmission conditions in different environments explain some of the frequency and temporal variation between and within speciesa?? songs. Prior discussion of the relevance of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis to human language has related such characteristics as the total size of the consonant inventory and the complexity of the permitted maximum syllable structure, rather than patterns in continuous speech, to environmental variables. Thus the relative frequency with which more complex structures occur is not taken into account. This study looks at brief samples of spoken material from 100 languages, dividing the speech into sonorous and obstruent time fractions. The percentage of sonorous material is the sonority score. This score correlates quite strongly with mean annual temperature in the area where the languages are spoken, with higher temperatures going together with higher sonority scores. The role of tree cover and annual precipitation, found to be important in earlier work, is not found to be significant in this data. This result may be explained if absorption and scattering are more important than reflection. Atmospheric absorption is greater at higher temperatures and peaks at higher frequencies with increasing temperature. Small-scale local perturbations (eddies) in the atmosphere created by high air temperatures also degrade the high-frequency spectral characteristics that are critical to distinguishing between obstruent consonants, leading to reduction in contrasts between them, and fewer clusters containing obstruent strings.
机译：据称人类口语的语音模式部分受口语环境的影响。这遵循了对声适应假说的预测，该假说以前主要用于鸟类歌曲的研究，该假说提出了在不同环境中的不同传播条件可以解释物种之间以及物种内部的某些频率和时间变化。歌曲。先前关于声学适应假说与人类语言的相关性的讨论具有以下特征，例如辅音清单的总大小和允许的最大音节结构的复杂性，而不是连续语音中的模式，与环境变量相关。因此，不考虑发生更复杂结构的相对频率。这项研究着眼于100种语言的简短口语样本，将语音分为son谐和令人费解的时间部分。发声材料的百分比是发声分数。该分数与使用该语言的地区的年平均气温高度相关，温度越高，声音得分也越高。在此数据中，树木覆盖物和年降水量的作用在早期工作中很重要，但没有发现很重要。如果吸收和散射比反射更重要，则可以解释此结果。大气吸收在较高温度下更大，并且在较高频率下随温度升高而达到峰值。较高的气温在大气中产生的小范围局部扰动（涡流）也会使高频频谱特性降低，这对于区分声母辅音至关重要，从而导致它们之间的对比度降低，并且包含声母弦的簇更少。

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