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Astaxanthin sources: Suitability for human health and nutrition

机译：虾青素来源：对人体健康和营养的适应性

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Background: Astaxanthin (AX) has been consumed as a nutritional supplement for approximately twenty years. The primary source has been a natural plant-based supplement from the single-cell alga Haematococcus pluvialis (NAT-AX). Recently, Astaxanthin from other sources has entered the marketplace. The primary alternative source in the human nutritional supplement market has been a synthetic form of Astaxanthin produced from petrochemicals (SYN-AX). Additionally, a very small amount of Astaxanthin from a genetically-manipulated yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (former nomenclature Phaffia rhodozyma, still commonly referred to as “Phaffia”) (PH-AX) is also available in some supplement products. The three forms have substantial chemical differences. In addition to the chemical differences between sources of AX, in-vitro research has demonstrated profound differences in antioxidant strength and animal research has revealed fundamental differences in health benefits. In all cases, NAT-AX has proven more biologically active than the other sources. This review is designed to assist readers in understanding which form(s) of AX are suitable for consumers desiring preventive or therapeutic health benefits.Results: In head-to-head antioxidant experiments, NAT-AX demonstrated 14X to 90X greater antioxidant activity than SYN-AX. In numerous animal trials in diverse species, NAT-AX in esterified form has demonstrated superior efficacy in increasing lifespan; treating skin cancer; preventing the formation of gastric ulcers; improving resistance to stress; decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS); increasing retinol conversion in the liver; augmenting enzyme levels; increasing growth rates; and improving exercise endurance.From a safety perspective, NAT-AX has been the subject of human clinical trials demonstrating safety and a wide variety of health benefits. In addition, no documented adverse events have surfaced during its twenty years of distribution as a food supplement for humans. SYN-AX and PH-AX have not been proven safe for direct human consumption and have not demonstrated any health benefits in clinical trials. Due to these facts, SYN-AX and PH-AX have not been allowed for human consumption by government regulators in many countries while NAT-AX is widely accepted in most countries around the world.Conclusion: Based on our review of the literature below, we recommend NAT-AX as the sole form of AX for human consumption until SYN-AX and PH-AX have been proven safe and efficacious through human clinical research.
机译：背景：虾青素（AX）作为营养补充品已被消费了大约20年。主要来源是单细胞藻类嗜血红球菌（NAT-AX）的天然植物补品。最近，来自其他来源的虾青素已经进入市场。人类营养补充剂市场上的主要替代来源是由石油化学产品（SYN-AX）生产的虾青素的合成形式。此外，一些补充产品中还提供了来自基因操纵的酵母黄单胞菌（原名红发夫，仍通常称为“夫夫夫”）（PH-AX）的极少量虾青素。这三种形式具有很大的化学差异。除了AX来源之间的化学差异外，体外研究还显示出抗氧化剂强度方面的深刻差异，而动物研究也表明了对健康益处的根本差异。在所有情况下，已证明NAT-AX具有比其他来源更高的生物活性。这篇综述旨在帮助读者理解哪种形式的AX适合想要预防或治疗健康益处的消费者。结果：在抗氧化实验中，NAT-AX的抗氧化活性比SYN高14到90倍-斧头。在许多不同物种的动物实验中，酯化形式的NAT-AX已证明在延长寿命方面具有卓越的功效。治疗皮肤癌;预防胃溃疡的形成;提高抗压力能力;减少活性氧（ROS）;增加肝脏中视黄醇的转化;增加酶水平;增加增长率;从安全的角度来看，NAT-AX已成为人类临床试验的主题，证明了安全性和多种健康益处。此外，在其二十年来作为人类食品补充剂的发行中，没有任何不良事件出现。 SYN-AX和PH-AX尚未被证明可直接用于人类食用，并且在临床试验中未显示出任何健康益处。由于这些事实，许多国家/地区的政府监管机构都不允许将SYN-AX和PH-AX用作人类食用，而NAT-AX在世界上大多数国家/地区已被广泛接受。结论：根据我们对以下文献的评论，我们建议使用NAT-AX作为人类食用的唯一形式的AX，直到通过人类临床研究证明SYN-AX和PH-AX是安全有效的。

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