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首页> 外文期刊>Neurosurgical focus >Prefrontal lobotomy on Evita was done for behavior/personality modification, not just for pain control
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Prefrontal lobotomy on Evita was done for behavior/personality modification, not just for pain control

机译：对Evita进行前额叶切除术是为了改善行为/个性，而不仅仅是为了控制疼痛

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Eva Perón, best known as Evita, underwent a prefrontal lobotomy in 1952. Although the procedure was said to have been performed to relieve the pain of metastatic cancer, the author carried out a search for evidence that suggests that the procedure was prescribed to decrease violence and to modify Evita’s behavior and personality, and not just for pain control. To further elucidate the circumstances surrounding the treatment of this well-known historic figure, the author reviewed the development of the procedure known as prefrontal lobotomy and its three main indications: management of psychiatric illness, control of intractable pain from terminal cancer, and mind control and behavior/personality modification. The role of pioneering neurosurgeons in the development of prefrontal lobotomy, particularly in Connecticut and at Yale University, was also studied, and the political and historical conditions in Argentina in 1952 and to the present were analyzed. Evita was the wife of Juan Perón, who was the supreme leader of the Peronist party as well as president of Argentina. In 1952, however, the Peronist government in Argentina was bicephalic because Evita led the left wing of the party and ran the Female Peronist Party and the Eva Perón Foundation. She was followed by a group of hardcore loyalists interested in accelerating the revolution. Evita was also suffering from metastatic cervical cancer, and her illness increased her anxiety and moved her to purchase weapons to start training workers’ militias. Although the apparent purpose was to fight her husband’s enemies, this was done without his knowledge. She delivered fiery political speeches and wrote incendiary documents that would have led to a fierce clash in the country at that time. Notwithstanding the disreputable connotation of conspiracy theories, evidence was found of a potentially sinister political conspiracy, led by General Perón, to quiet down his wife Evita and modify her behavior/personality to decrease her belligerence, in addition to treating her cancer-related pain. Psychosurgery was purportedly intended to calm Evita and thus avoid a bloody civil war in Argentina. It was carried out in maximum secrecy and involved a distinguished American neurosurgeon, Dr. James L. Poppen, from the Lahey Clinic in Boston. A recorded and videotaped interview with a former scrub nurse and confidante of Dr. James L. Poppen revealed that prior to the lobotomy on Eva Perón, he performed lobotomies on a few prisoners in the prison system in Buenos Aires. Later, Dr. Poppen seems to have regretted his involvement and participation in this sad chapter in Argentine history. The treatment of Evita at the end of her life was influenced by extraordinary circumstances of time and place but also involved general issues of medical professionalism, the ethics of neuroscience, and the risks of being manipulated by labyrinthine byzantine politics. This story serves as a reminder that any physician, even one considered to be one of the best in the world, may act naively and become a pawn in a game he cannot begin to fathom.
机译：伊娃·佩隆（EvaPerón），最著名的名叫埃维塔（Evita），于1952年接受了额叶前叶切除术。尽管据说该手术是为了减轻转移性癌症的痛苦而进行的，但作者仍在寻找证据表明该手术旨在减少暴力并修改Evita的行为和个性，而不仅仅是控制疼痛。为了进一步阐明围绕这个著名历史人物的治疗情况，作者回顾了称为额叶前叶切除术的程序的发展及其三个主要适应症：精神疾病的治疗，晚期癌症难治性疼痛的控制以及心理控制以及行为/个性修改。还研究了先锋神经外科医师在额叶前叶切除术发展中的作用，特别是在康涅狄格州和耶鲁大学，并分析了1952年至今阿根廷的政治和历史状况。埃维塔（Evita）是胡安·佩隆（JuanPerón）的妻子，胡安·佩隆（JuanPerón）是佩隆党的最高领导人和阿根廷总统。然而，在1952年，阿根廷的佩隆主义政府是两党制，因为埃维塔（Evita）领导该党的左翼并管理女佩隆主义者党和伊娃·佩隆基金会（EvaPerónFoundation）。紧随其后的是一群对加速革命感兴趣的忠实拥护者。埃维塔（Evita）也患有转移性宫颈癌，她的病加剧了她的焦虑感，并动用她的武器购买武器以开始训练民兵。尽管明显的目的是与丈夫的敌人作斗争，但这是在他不知情的情况下完成的。她发表了激烈的政治演讲，并撰写了煽动性文件，这些文件当时曾导致该国发生激烈冲突。尽管阴谋论的含义令人争议，但发现证据表明，以佩隆将军为首的潜在政治阴谋可能使他的妻子埃维塔（Evita）安静下来，并改变其行为/个性以减轻她的好战感，此外还治疗癌症相关的疼痛。据称，心理外科手术旨在使Evita镇静下来，从而避免在阿根廷发生流血的内战。这项手术最大程度地保密，由波士顿Lahey诊所的一位杰出的美国神经外科医师James L. Poppen博士进行。对前磨砂护士和詹姆斯·L·波彭博士的红颜知己的录音录像带采访显示，在对伊娃·佩隆（EvaPerón）进行放气手术之前，他对布宜诺斯艾利斯监狱系统中的一些囚犯进行了肺切除术。后来，波彭博士似乎对他参与阿根廷历史这一悲惨章节感到遗憾。埃维塔（Evita）生命的尽头受到时间和地点的特殊情况的影响，但也涉及医疗专业，神经科学伦理学以及迷宫般的拜占庭政治操纵风险的一般性问题。这个故事提醒人们，即使是被认为是世界上最好的医生之一，任何医生也可能会天真地行事，成为他无法理解的游戏中的棋子。

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