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首页> 外文期刊>Royal Society Open Science >Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
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Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris

机译：冬季中部温度而非春季温度可预测欧洲八哥（i）寻常turn（Sturnus vulgaris）的繁殖物候

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In many species, empirical data suggest that temperatures less than 1 month before breeding strongly influence laying date, consistent with predictions that short lag times between cue and response are more reliable, decreasing the chance of mismatch with prey. Here we show in European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) that mid-winter temperature ca 50–90 days before laying (8 January–22 February) strongly ( r 2 = 0.89) predicts annual variation in laying date. Mid-winter temperature also correlated highly with relative clutch size: birds laid later, but laid larger clutches, in years when mid-winter temperatures were lower. Despite a high degree of breeding synchrony (mean laying date 5–13 April = ±4 days; 80% of nests laid within 4.8 days within year), European starlings show strong date-dependent variation in clutch size and productivity, but this appears to be mediated by a different temporal mechanism for integration of supplemental cue (temperature) information. We suggest the relationship between mid-winter temperature and breeding phenology might be indirect with both components correlating with a third factor: temperature-dependent development of the starling's insect (tipulid) prey. Mid-winter temperatures might set the trajectory of growth and final biomass of tipulid larvae, with this temperature cue providing starlings with information on breeding season prey availability (though exactly how remains unknown).
机译：在许多物种中，经验数据表明，繁殖前不到1个月的温度会强烈影响产蛋日期，这与提示和反应之间较短的延迟时间更可靠的预测一致，从而减少了与猎物不匹配的机会。在这里，我们在欧洲star鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）中发现，在产蛋前（1月8日至2月22日）大约50-90天的冬季中期温度（r 2 = 0.89）强烈预测产蛋日期的年度变化。冬季中温也与相对离合器尺寸高度相关：在冬季中温较低的年份中，禽只放得晚些，但离合器较大。尽管繁殖同步性很高（平均产蛋日期为4月5日至13日=±4天; 80％的产蛋箱一年之内产蛋的时间为4.8天），但欧洲八哥幼鸟的离合器尺寸和生产力却表现出强烈的日期依赖性，但这似乎可以通过整合补充提示（温度）信息的不同时间机制来介导。我们认为，冬季中期温度与育种物候之间的关系可能是间接的，这两个因素都与第三个因素相关：the鸟昆虫（tip）猎物的温度依赖性发育。冬季中温可能会设定tip类幼虫的生长轨迹和最终生物量，该温度提示可为star鸟提供有关繁殖季节猎物可用性的信息（尽管确切的方式仍未知）。

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