Aim: The winemaking sector in Portugal is of major socio-economic relevance, significantly contributing to the national exports and sustaining many wine-related activities, including oenotourism. Portuguese viticultural regions present a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions with remarkable regional specificities, thus contributing to the individuality of their wines. Owing to the strong influence of climate and weather factors on grapevines, climate change may drive significant impacts on Portuguese viticulture.Methods and results: Climatic projections for the next decades in Portugal highlight an overall warming and drying trend of the grapevine growing season, potentially resulting in modifications in phenology, growth, development, yields and eventually wine characteristics and typicity. Furthermore, the current viticultural suitability of each region is projected to undergo significant changes, suggesting a reshaping of the optimal conditions for viticulture throughout the country. In order to sustain high quality levels and affordable yield regularity, cost-effective, appropriate and timely adaptation measures must be implemented by the sector.Conclusion: The most recent scientific studies covering the potential impacts of climate change on Portuguese viticulture are herein presented.Significance and impact of the study: Possible adaptation measures against these threats are also discussed, foreseeing their integration into decision support systems by stakeholders and decision-makers. Viticulture and winemaking in Portugal Socio-economic context In Portugal, winemaking is historically one of the most relevant socio-economic activities. In the context of the overall agricultural sector (e.g. cereals, vegetables), this industry represents roughly 14% of the total planted area and 6% of the total productions (INE, 2016). With an average vineyard area of over 200 thousand hectares and a yearly wine production of about 6 million hectolitres (IVV, 2013), the national production has shown a slight decrease over the past decade (-2%/yr), which can be mostly attributed to the gradual decrease in vineyard area (-1%/yr). Nonetheless, Portugal is currently the 11th wine producer and the 10th exporter in the world (OIV, 2013), which is a remarkable outcome taking into account the size of the country. Approximately half of the total annual wine production is currently being exported. In absolute terms, this contributes to the national exports with over 700 million €/yr, which corresponds to nearly 2% of total national exports. A major factor for this success is the wide recognition of Portuguese wines in foreign markets, just to mention the renowned Port wine. The winemaking regions Portugal comprises a total of 14 wine regions (mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira archipelagos) (Figure 1), which include 31 Protected Denominations of Origin. In the north, the Douro Demarcated Region, with almost 1.5 Mhl of total wine production and 45,000 ha of vineyards, is the oldest and one of the most important wine regions of the country. This region, famous for its Port wine, is responsible for one fourth of all wine produced in Portugal (IVV, 2013), and its vineyard landscape is also considered World Heritage by the UNESCO since 2001. In the northwest, the most maritime area of Portugal, the Minho wine region produces mostly white wines, distinguishable for their typical freshness and slightly higher acidity. In the south, the Alentejo wine region, with typical Mediterranean climates, has undergone remarkable growth rates over the recent decades and is currently the leading region in terms of non-fortified wine production. In general, from the sparkling wines of the Beira-Atlantico region to the fortified Madeira wine, many other regions in Portugal present unique wines resulting from their specific terroirs. The wines of Portugal are thereby valuable national brands, increasingly recognised worldwide. The climate and the soils Overall, the wine regions in mainland Portugal present Mediterranean-like climatic conditions, with warm dry summers and mild wet autumns-winters. In the northern/coastal areas (i.e. Minho and Beira-Atlantico), the Atlantic influence is strong, resulting in relatively high precipitation totals (>1,000 mm). In general, temperatures are higher in the south (e.g. Alentejo) and lower in the north (e.g. Minho and Trás-os-Montes). In the inner areas, however, summertime low water availability critically limits grapevine development (inner Alentejo and Douro). Winter temperatures tend to be milder in the southern regions, such as in Lisboa and Algarve (January mean temperature of 10–12oC), though late spring frost is common in some northern regions (e.g. Terras do D?o), which may lead to important damages in vineyards. Figure 1. Wine regions in mainland Portugal. The Azores and Madeira archipelagos are not shown. Save View full size Expand inline Collapse inline Growing degree-day (GDD (Winkler, 1974); A
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机译：目标：葡萄牙的酿酒行业具有重要的社会经济意义，为国家出口做出了重大贡献，并维持了许多与葡萄酒有关的活动，包括旅游业。葡萄牙的葡萄栽培地区呈现出广泛的生态气候条件，并具有明显的区域特色，因此有助于其葡萄酒的个性化。由于气候和天气因素对葡萄藤的强烈影响，气候变化可能会对葡萄牙的葡萄栽培产生重大影响。方法和结果：葡萄牙未来几十年的气候预测突出了葡萄生长季节的总体变暖和干燥趋势，可能导致在物候，生长，发育，产量以及最终葡萄酒特性和典型性方面的改变。此外，预计每个地区当前的葡萄栽培适应性将发生重大变化，这表明全国范围内葡萄栽培的最佳条件正在改变。为了维持高质量水平和可承受的单产规律，该部门必须采取具有成本效益的，适当和及时的适应措施。结论：本文介绍了有关气候变化对葡萄牙葡萄栽培的潜在影响的最新科学研究。研究的影响：还讨论了针对这些威胁的可能的适应措施，并预见了利益相关者和决策者将其整合到决策支持系统中的情况。葡萄牙的葡萄栽培和酿酒业社会经济背景在葡萄牙，酿酒业历来是最相关的社会经济活动之一。在整个农业部门（例如谷物，蔬菜）的背景下，该行业约占播种总面积的14％，占总产量的6％（INE，2016年）。葡萄园平均面积超过20万公顷，葡萄酒年产量约为600万公升（IVV，2013年），过去十年全国产量略有下降（-2％/年），这在很大程度上归因于葡萄园面积的逐渐减少（-1％/年）。尽管如此，葡萄牙目前是世界第11大葡萄酒生产国和第十大出口国（OIV，2013），考虑到国家的规模，这是一个了不起的成就。目前，大约每年葡萄酒总产量的一半正在出口。从绝对值上来说，这为国家出口贡献了超过7亿欧元/年，约占国家总出口的2％。成功的主要因素是葡萄牙葡萄酒在国外市场的广泛认可，更不用说著名的波特酒了。葡萄牙的葡萄酒产区共有14个葡萄酒产区（葡萄牙内地，亚速尔群岛和马德拉群岛）（图1），其中包括31个受保护的原产地。在北部，杜罗分界区是该国历史最悠久，最重要的葡萄酒产区之一，葡萄酒总产量接近1.5毫升，葡萄园占地45,000公顷。这个地区以波特酒闻名，占葡萄牙所有葡萄酒产量的四分之一（IVV，2013年），自2001年以来，其葡萄园景观也被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。在西北部，海事最多的地区葡萄牙的Minho葡萄酒产区主要生产白葡萄酒，以其典型的新鲜度和较高的酸度而著称。在南部，具有典型的地中海气候的阿连特茹葡萄酒产区在最近几十年经历了惊人的增长，目前是非强化葡萄酒产量的领先地区。总体而言，从贝拉-亚特兰蒂科地区的起泡葡萄酒到强化的马德拉葡萄酒，葡萄牙的其他许多地区也呈现出其特定风土产生的独特葡萄酒。因此，葡萄牙的葡萄酒是有价值的民族品牌，在全球范围内得到越来越多的认可。气候和土壤总体而言，葡萄牙大陆的葡萄酒产区呈现出地中海般的气候条件，夏季温暖干燥，秋季温暖湿润。在北部/沿海地区（即Minho和Beira-Atlantico），大西洋的影响很大，导致总降水量相对较高（> 1,000 mm）。通常，南部的气温较高（例如Alentejo），而北部的气温较低（例如Minho和Trás-os-Montes）。然而，在内陆地区，夏季水资源匮乏严重限制了葡萄的发展（内阿连特茹和杜罗）。南部地区，例如里斯本和阿尔加威（1月平均温度为10-12oC），冬季温度趋于温和，尽管某些北部地区（例如Terras do D？o）的春季晚霜很常见。葡萄园的重大破坏。图1.葡萄牙大陆的葡萄酒产区。未显示亚速尔群岛和马德拉群岛。保存查看完整大小展开内联折叠内联成长度-天（GDD（Winkler，1974）; A
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