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首页> 外文期刊>Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie >The cardiovascular system, as understood in antiquity
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The cardiovascular system, as understood in antiquity

机译：心血管系统，正如古代所了解的那样

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Cardiovascular concepts in antiquity were primitive up to the early 5th century BC, when Greek philosopher-physicians like Empedocles and Diogenes divorced human physiology from its previous magico-religious base in order to find answers in the natural sciences. The heart was not initially seen as central to the cardiovascular system – blood (containing life-giving pneuma) moved through the body in blood vessels (phlebes) by way of a spontaneous “ebb and flow” motion. Their perceived anatomical vascular models were quite fanciful, but nevertheless accepted by the Hippocratic doctors, who, except for a single work, The heart (containing a useful description of the heart), added little of significance to the subject. Based on animal dissections, post-Hippocratic authors like Diocles and Praxagoras first distinguished between arteries and veins, confirmed that the heart had two main chambers (ventricles) and extended the theory that “innate heat” in the left ventricle produced pneuma which filled the arteries; only veins contained blood, produced in the right ventricle. Basing their theories on human dissections the Alexandrians, Herophilus and Erasistratus (3rd century BC) produced the first accurate descriptions of the heart and major components of the vascular system. Erasistratus even postulated minute (normally non-functional) peripheral arterio-venous anastomoses. The heart's pump function was only partially understood – diastole was seen as the active phase of the cardiac cycle (sucking blood into the heart), and the pulse as inherent contraction of the arterial wall. After Herophilus and Erasistratus human dissection ceased, putting an end to further significant developments in unravelling the cardiovascular system. In the 2nd century AD, Celsus consolidated known knowledge, even adding minor contributions (e.g. a description of the coronary vessels) based on his own animal dissections. He mainly confirmed the Alexandrians' findings and contemporary views on cardiac function, including inherent arterial pulsation, “ebb and flow” blood movement in veins, and the existence of pneuma. He claimed that arteries contained blood, not? pneuma. These views, as well an erroneous personal contribution (that there were minute pores in the heart's interventricular septum), remained medical dogma throughout the Middle Ages up to the Renaissance.
机译：心血管的古代概念最早可以追溯到公元前5世纪初，当时，诸如Empedocles和Diogenes之类的希腊哲学家与人类生理学脱离了先前的魔术宗教基础，以便在自然科学中寻找答案。最初，人们并不认为心脏是心血管系统的中心-血液（包含赋予生命的呼吸）通过自发的“潮起潮落”运动，通过血管（静脉）在体内流动。他们所感知的解剖血管模型相当荒谬，但希波克拉底医生仍然接受，除了单项工作“心脏”（包含对心脏的有用描述）外，希波克拉底医生对受试者没有什么意义。根据动物解剖学，希波克拉底后的作者，例如Diocles和Praxagoras，首先区分了动脉和静脉，证实心脏有两个主要腔室（心室），并扩展了左心室“先天热”产生充血性动脉瘤的理论。 ;只有静脉中含有在右心室中产生的血液。基于人类解剖学的理论，亚历山大，赫罗菲罗斯和埃拉斯特斯特拉图斯（公元前3世纪）首次对心脏和血管系统的主要成分进行了准确的描述。 Erasistratus甚至假定了微小的（通常是无功能的）外周动静脉吻合。仅部分了解了心脏的泵功能-舒张期被视为心动周期的活跃阶段（将血液吸入心脏），脉搏被视为动脉壁的固有收缩。在Herophilus和Erasistratus停止进行人解剖后，结束了心血管系统的进一步重大发展。在公元2世纪，塞尔苏斯巩固了已知的知识，甚至根据他自己的动物解剖学而增加了少量贡献（例如对冠状动脉的描述）。他主要证实了亚历山大主义者对心脏功能的发现和当代观点，包括内在的动脉搏动，静脉的“潮起潮落”的血液运动以及肺炎的存在。他声称动脉中含有血液，不是吗？气喘。这些观点以及错误的个人贡献（心脏的心室间隔有微小的毛孔）一直是整个中世纪直至文艺复兴时期的医学教条。

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