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Avian malaria on Madagascar: bird hosts and putative vector mosquitoes of different Plasmodium lineages

机译：马达加斯加的禽类疟疾：不同疟原虫谱系的鸟类宿主和推定的媒介蚊子

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BackgroundAvian malaria occurs almost worldwide and is caused by Haemosporida parasites ( Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon ). Vectors such as mosquitoes, hippoboscid flies or biting midges are required for the transmission of these parasites. There are few studies about avian malaria parasites on Madagascar but none about suitable vectors. MethodsTo identify vectors of avian Plasmodium parasites on Madagascar, we examined head, thorax and abdomen of 418 mosquitoes from at least 18 species using a nested PCR method to amplify a 524?bp fragment of the haemosporidian mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Sequences obtained were then compared with a large dataset of haemosporidian sequences detected in 45 different bird species ( n =?686) from the same area in the Maromizaha rainforest. ResultsTwenty-one mosquitoes tested positive for avian malaria parasites. Haemoproteus DNA was found in nine mosquitoes (2.15%) while Plasmodium DNA was found in 12 mosquitoes (2.87%). Seven distinct lineages were identified among the Plasmodium DNA samples. Some lineages were also found in the examined bird samples: Plasmodium sp. WA46 (EU810628.1) in the Madagascar bulbul, Plasmodium sp. mosquito 132 (AB308050.1) in 15 bird species belonging to eight families, Plasmodium sp. PV12 (GQ150194.1) in eleven bird species belonging to eight families and Plasmodium sp. P31 (DQ839060.1) was found in three weaver bird species. ConclusionThis study provides the first insight into avian malaria transmission in the Maromizaha rainforest in eastern Madagascar. Five Haemoproteus lineages and seven Plasmodium lineages were detected in the examined mosquitoes. Complete life-cycles for the specialist lineages WA46 and P31 and for the generalist lineages mosquito132 and PV12 of Plasmodium are proposed. In addition, we have identified for the first time Anopheles mascarensis and Uranotaenia spp. as vectors for avian malaria and offer the first description of vector mosquitoes for avian malaria in Madagascar.
机译：背景禽类疟疾几乎在全世界范围内发生，是由血孢子虫（疟原虫，血红蛋白和白细胞介素）引起的。这些寄生虫的传播需要蚊子，河马蝇或叮咬mid等媒介。关于马达加斯加的禽类疟原虫的研究很少，但有关合适载体的研究则没有。方法为了鉴定马达加斯加上禽疟原虫的载体，我们使用巢式PCR方法扩增了至少48个bp片段的血吸虫线粒体细胞色素b基因，检查了来自至少18个物种的418只蚊子的头，胸和腹部。然后将获得的序列与在Maromizaha雨林的同一地区的45种不同鸟类（n =？686）中检测到的大量血友病序列进行比较。结果21只蚊子的禽疟原虫呈阳性。在9个蚊子（2.15％）中发现了变形杆菌DNA，而在12个蚊子（2.87％）中发现了疟原虫DNA。在疟原虫DNA样品中鉴定出七个不同的谱系。在检查的鸟类样品中还发现了一些谱系：疟原虫。 WA46（EU810628.1），位于马达加斯加的歌手，Plasmodium sp.。属于八个科的15种鸟类的疟原虫132（AB308050.1）。 PV12（GQ150194.1），属于八个科的11种鸟类和疟原虫。在三种织布鸟中发现了P31（DQ839060.1）。结论这项研究为马达加斯加东部Maromizaha雨林中的疟疾传播提供了第一个见识。在被检查的蚊子中，检测到了五个变形杆菌谱系和七个疟原虫谱系。提出了疟原虫WA46和P31专业谱系以及蚊子mosquito132和PV12完整谱系的完整生命周期。此外，我们首次确定了马氏按蚊和天王星属。作为鸟类疟疾的媒介，并首次在马达加斯加描述了鸟类疟疾的媒介蚊子。

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