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Toad skin-secretions: Potent source of pharmacologically and therapeutically significant compounds

机译：蟾蜍皮肤分泌物：具有重要药理和治疗意义的化合物

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Amphibians have been occupying a wide range of habitats since they evolved around 363 million-years-ago. Along with legs and lungs, skin played an important role in survival of amphibians and made it possible for them to exploit diverse ecological conditions. Amphibian skin not only helps in avoiding desiccation but also helps in imposing defense against predators as well as pathogens. Amphibian skin possesses wide variety of chemical compounds, which have potential significance in pharmacology and therapeutics. Toads especially those belonging to genus Bufo, are outstanding source of useful granular-gland secretions. Compounds derived from toad skin-secretions can be used as analgesics, painkillers and as medicine against cardiac-problems, multi-drug resistant bacteria, HIV and Cancer. Introduction Amphibians started trolling the landmasses of earth about 363 million-years-ago, with Acanthostega and Ichthyostega probably being the earliest of known amphibians (Evans et al 1998). Fossil records elucidate that ancestors of modern amphibians like Frogs, Toads, Caecilians and Salamanders probably evolved about 200 million years ago during the Triassic period. A very interesting observation here states that, fossils of these ancestral forms dating back to Triassic, tend to exhibit most phenotypic features of their living relatives (Wilson et al 1974), implying that they haven't “evolved” much since then, owing to a structure, which seems to suite perfectly with their habitats. Amphibians evolved from fishes and during this transition various evolutionary advances were produced in amphibians. While this transition produced many advanced systems like legs, it also produced specialized alveolar or tubular glands in amphibian skins, which is sometimes considered as amphibian's chief evolutionary advance over that of fish-integuments (Noble 1931). These specialized glands had many functions, including secretion of substances having poisonous properties for repelling or killing predators as well as microbial pathogens. This evolutionary advance made amphibians one of many other organisms in the animal kingdom, which indulged in chemical wars (Hoiberg et al 2002; Daly et al 2005) in order to survive in the battle for survival (See Table.1.). In the following sections various properties, effects and perspectives regarding toad skin-secretions have been discussed.
机译：两栖动物自大约3.63亿年前的进化以来，一直占据着广泛的栖息地。皮肤与腿和肺一样，在两栖动物的生存中起着重要作用，使它们有可能利用各种生态条件。两栖动物的皮肤不仅有助于避免干燥，而且还有助于抵御天敌和病原体。两栖动物皮肤具有多种化学化合物，在药理学和治疗学中具有潜在的意义。蟾蜍，特别是蟾蜍属的蟾蜍，是有用的颗粒状腺体分泌物的重要来源。来自蟾蜍皮肤分泌物的化合物可用作止痛药，止痛药，也可用作抗心脏问题，耐多药细菌，HIV和癌症的药物。简介两栖动物大约在3.63亿年前开始拖曳地球的陆地，其中Acanthostega和Ichthyostega可能是已知的两栖动物中最早的（Evans等，1998）。化石记录表明，现代两栖动物的祖先，如青蛙，蟾蜍，凯撒利亚人和Sal等，可能是在三叠纪约2亿年前进化的。这里有一个非常有趣的发现，这些祖先形式的化石可以追溯到三叠纪，倾向于表现出其活着的亲戚的大多数表型特征（Wilson等，1974），这意味着从那时起它们就没有“进化”了很多。一种结构，看起来非常适合其栖息地。两栖动物是从鱼类进化而来的，在这种过渡过程中，两栖动物产生了多种进化进展。尽管这种转变产生了许多先进的系统，例如腿部，但它还在两栖动物的皮肤中产生了特殊的肺泡或管状腺体，这有时被认为是两栖动物相对于鱼类被膜的主要进化进步（Noble，1931年）。这些专门的腺体具有许多功能，包括分泌具有毒性的物质，以排斥或杀死天敌以及微生物病原体。这种进化的进步使两栖动物成为了动物界中许多其他生物之一，他们沉迷于化学战中（Hoiberg等，2002; Daly等，2005），以便在生存之战中生存（见表1.）。在以下各节中，已讨论了有关蟾蜍皮肤分泌物的各种特性，作用和观点。

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