Dermatophytes and other fungi associated with hair-scalp of Primary school children in Visakhapatnam, India: A Case Study And Literature Review

Y. Avasn Maruthi; K. Aruna Lakshmi; S. Ramakrishna Rao; Kaizar Hossain; D. Apta Chaitanya; K. Karuna

摘要

A total of 2804 primary section pupils aged 6-15 years of 12 schools located at different places in Visakhapatnam were physically screened for hair -scalp infection. Three hundred and thirty six (11.98%) of these children were positive for the dermatophytic infection. The majority of the isolated dermatophytes according to percentage of occurrence were Microsporum audouinii (18.88%), Chrysosporium keratinophilum (16.66%), Trycophyton mentagrophytes (13.33%) and Trycophyton terrestre (3.33%). Microsporum audouinii, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Trycophyton mentagrophytes were the most frequently isolated dermatophytes. Other skin mycoses isolated include Fusarium moniliforme (6.66%), Aspergillus flavus (5.55%), Fusarium oxysporum (5.55%) and Penicillium funiculosum (4.44%).Infection was mainly due to Microsporum audoinii, Chrysosporium keratinophilum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes .Infected domestic animals constituted the apparent source of infection for most pupils. Playgrounds of children and animal fields were also source of infection for children and animals Name of the Laboratory: Air pollution and Environmental Microbiology laboratory, Dept.of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, GITAM University,Visakhapatnam-530045,A.P,India. Introduction Tinea capitis, most often seen in children, is a dermatophyte infection of hair and scalp. Both anthropophilic and Zoophilic dermatophytes can cause Tinea capitis. It is commonly caused by the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans 1 . Although this superficial disease is world wide in distribution, in tropical countries, a warm and humid climate, crowded living and poor sanitary conditions all promote the spread of this infection 2 . However, Zoophilic and anthropophilic strains of etiological agents often cause zoonotic infections. Several reports indicated that domestic animals constitute important reservoir of Zoophilic dermatophytes 3 .Children playgrounds represent a favorite environment for children's play and are therefore expected to play an important role in epidemiology of human and animal mycoses 4 . In India, only a few research studies are available on prevalence and etiological agents of Tinea capitis in schools in different parts of the country 5 . This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of hair-scalp infection in primary school children in association with dermatophytes and other fungi. Materials and Methods Visakhapatnam has approximately total number of 113 government schools (primary, upper primary and high schools) in and round it. .Questionnaire was administered along with physical examination of volunteers for scalp, body and nail ringworms. Based on health data, both collected both from city schools and King George Hospital and some schools were selected as study areas, with respect to control (K. D. P. M. High School). The particulars of the study areas are given in Table-1.Volunteers were randomly selected in visited schools and examined to confirm the causative agents of the infection. This was carried out by the “hair brush diagnosis” of scalp ringworm or microscopic demonstration of fungus 6 . The samples were divided into two portions: one for microscopic examination and one for culture. For Microscopic observation, Potassium hydroxide preparation two to four fragments of scalp and broken hair samples were placed on a glass slide with KOH(30%), gently heated and then evaluated microscopically for the presence fungal elements. Each scraping was cultured into Sabaroud dextrose Chloramphenecol actidione agar 7 . A duplicate inoculation of the specimen was also cultured on sabouraud's dextrose cycloheximide agar. The plates were incubated at 28°C for up to 4 weeks and examined at 2 to 3 day intervals for fungal growth. Fungal isolates were subcultured onto plates of sabouraud's agar, potato glucose agar and corn meal agar. The isolates were examined visually and microscopically for morphology of fungi using lactophenol cotton

机译：对位于维沙卡帕特南不同地方的12所学校的6至15岁年龄段的2804名小学生进行了身体筛查，以检查头皮感染。这些孩子中有136名（11.98％）皮肤癣菌感染呈阳性。根据发生率的百分比，分离出的大多数皮肤癣菌为小孢子菌（18.88％），角化金孢菌（16.66％），薄荷色Trycophyton（13.33％）和and生Tryphyphyton terrestre（3.33％）。 audouinii小孢子菌，Keratinophilum金孢菌，Megtryphyton mentagrophytes是最常分离的皮肤真菌。分离出的其他皮肤真菌病包括镰孢镰刀菌（6.66％），黄曲霉（5.55％），尖孢镰刀菌（5.55％）和霉菌青霉菌（4.44％），感染主要归因于假小孢子菌，嗜角芽孢杆菌和家蝇毛癣菌。构成大多数学生的明显感染源。儿童和动物场的游乐场也是儿童和动物的传染源。实验室名称：GITAM大学理学院环境研究所空气污染和环境微生物学实验室，维萨卡帕特南530045，A.P，印度。简介头癣多见于儿童，是头发和头皮的皮肤癣菌感染。嗜人和嗜生性皮肤癣菌均可引起头癣。它通常是由嗜人皮肤癣菌毛癣菌1引起的。尽管这种表面疾病分布全世界，但在热带国家，温暖潮湿的气候，拥挤的生活和恶劣的卫生条件都促进了这种感染的传播2。然而，病原体的嗜人和嗜人菌株通常引起人畜共患感染。几份报告指出，家畜构成了人畜共患皮肤癣菌3的重要储藏地。儿童游乐场是儿童游戏的最爱环境，因此有望在人类和动物真菌病的流行病学中发挥重要作用4。在印度，该国不同地区的学校中仅有几项关于头癣的流行和病因的研究。5这项研究的目的是确定与皮癣菌和其他真菌有关的小学生头发-头皮感染的发生率。材料和方法维沙卡帕特南（Visakhapatnam）周围有大约113所官立学校（小学，初中和高中）。问卷调查与志愿者身体检查一起进行，包括头皮，身体和指甲癣。根据健康数据，从城市学校和国王乔治医院收集到的数据，并选择一些学校作为控制方面的研究区域（K. D. P. M.高中）。表1列出了研究区域的详细情况。在走访的学校中随机选择志愿者并进行检查以确认感染的病原体。这是通过头皮癣的“发刷诊断”或真菌6的显微镜演示来进行的。样品分为两部分：一部分用于显微镜检查，另一部分用于培养。为了进行显微镜观察，将氢氧化钾制剂的头皮和碎发样品的两到四个片段放在含有KOH（30％）的载玻片上，轻轻加热，然后在显微镜下评估真菌元素的存在。每个刮板被培养到Sabaroud葡萄糖Chloramphenecol actidione琼脂7中。还将样品的重复接种物在sabouraud的葡萄糖环己酰亚胺琼脂上培养。将板在28℃下孵育最多4周，并以2至3天的间隔检查真菌的生长。将真菌分离物传代培养在sabouraud氏琼脂，马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂和玉米粉琼脂的平板上。使用乳酚棉目视和显微镜检查分离物的真菌形态

Dermatophytes and other fungi associated with hair-scalp of Primary school children in Visakhapatnam, India: A Case Study And Literature Review

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