• 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Academic Physician Assistants >Does Cigarette Smoking Increase the Risk of Developing Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's Disease?
【24h】

Does Cigarette Smoking Increase the Risk of Developing Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's Disease?

机译：抽烟会增加患溃疡性结肠炎或克罗恩氏病的风险吗？

获取原文
           
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

Objective: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) consists of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). The etiology of IBD has been studied and is still unknown, but several risk factors have been associated with the disease. Possible risk factors include genetic predisposition, oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking. It is important to further research the link between cigarette smoking and IBD. Methods: Reviews and studies were obtained in order to evaluate the relationship between IBD and smoking. Discussion: Current cigarette smoking was found to increase the relative risk of developing Crohn's Disease and decrease the risk of developing Ulcerative Colitis.Conclusion: Although cigarette smoking seems to be protective against developing UC, the other risks associated with cigarettes far outweigh the possible benefits. In order to better understand the connection between IBD and cigarette smoking, it would be necessary to further research the causative mechanism of UC and CD. Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and affects approximately 1 million Americans (1). The estimated total annual direct (including hospital visits and medications) and indirect (including productivity loss) cost of IBD in the United States ranges from $1.8 to $2.6 billion (2). Although the exact cause of IBD is not known, several genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified for developing this disease. Cigarette smoking is the most examined risk factor for IBD and is said to have different effects on CD and UC (1). Healthcare practitioners are generally aware of the increased risk of COPD, various types of cancer and coronary artery disease that is associated with tobacco use; however, several studies have suggested that cigarette smoking can have a protective effect on UC and a causative relationship with UC (1). In fact, this controversy may lead patients with IBD to question providers about non-conventional treatments that involve nicotine (1). Therefore, it is important to know the impact that cigarette smoking has on IBD so practitioners can then counsel patients on all the risks of cigarette smoking versus the possible benefits. Background IBD is defined as chronic inflammation of the digestive tract of unknown etiology and is divided into UC and CD. IBD most commonly affects Caucasians in Northern Europe and North America. Specifically, Ashkenazi Jews are four times more likely to have IBD than Caucasians (3). There seems to be a familial trend associated with IBD because family members of a patient with IBD have an increased risk of developing UC or CD; 50 times higher than the rest of the population (3). There also appears to be a bimodal distribution of diagnoses of IBD, as it peaks at age 15 to 25 and again at age 55 to 65 (3). The etiology of UC is unknown. One theory is that patients are genetically predisposed to develop UC. These patients many incur an insult to the mucosa of the lining of the colon and have an altered immune system response to flora found naturally in the gut. There are several recognized risk factors for developing UC including being Jewish and chronically using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (2). The nicotine in cigarettes is said to act as an immunosuppressant because cigarette smoking has been shown to decrease immunoglobulins including IgG, IgM and IgA (4). It has also been speculated that there is a relationship between UC and oral contraception use, breast-feeding, second-hand smoke, the MDR1 gene, socioeconomic status, psychological conditions and childhood infections (5). Ulcerative colitis causes chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the large intestine and affects the rectum. The severity of this disease varies greatly from patient to patient. The pattern of inflammation is continuous throughout parts of the colon. For example, proctosigmoiditis signifies that the inflammation affects the rectum and the
机译：目的：炎性肠病（IBD）由溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD）组成。已经对IBD的病因进行了研究，但仍然未知，但是与该疾病相关的一些危险因素。可能的危险因素包括遗传易感性，口服避孕药和吸烟。进一步研究吸烟与IBD之间的联系非常重要。方法：进行回顾和研究，以评估IBD与吸烟之间的关系。讨论：发现当前吸烟会增加患克罗恩氏病的相对风险，并降低患溃疡性结肠炎的风险。结论：尽管吸烟似乎可以预防UC的发展，但与香烟相关的其他风险远大于可能带来的好处。为了更好地了解IBD与吸烟之间的联系，有必要进一步研究UC和CD的致病机制。简介炎性肠病（IBD）由克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）组成，约有100万人受到影响（1）。在美国，IBD的年度估计直接费用（包括医院就诊和药物治疗）和间接费用（包括生产力损失）的总费用为1.8到26亿美元（2）。尽管IBD的确切病因尚不清楚，但已发现一些遗传和环境危险因素可导致这种疾病。抽烟是IBD中最受检查的危险因素，据说对CD和UC有不同的影响（1）。卫生保健从业人员普遍意识到与吸烟有关的COPD，各种类型的癌症和冠状动脉疾病的风险增加;但是，一些研究表明，吸烟可以对UC起到保护作用，并与UC有因果关系（1）。实际上，这一争议可能导致IBD患者向提供者询问涉及尼古丁的非常规疗法（1）。因此，重要的是要了解吸烟对IBD的影响，以便从业者可以就吸烟的所有风险及其可能的益处向患者提供咨询。背景IBD被定义为病因不明的消化道的慢性炎症，分为UC和CD。 IBD最常影响北欧和北美的白种人。特别是，阿什肯纳兹犹太人患IBD的可能性是高加索人（4）的四倍。由于IBD患者的家庭成员罹患UC或CD的风险增加，因此IBD似乎有家族性趋势。比其他人口高50倍（3）。 IBD的诊断似乎也呈双峰分布，因为它在15至25岁时达到峰值，并在55至65岁时再次达到峰值（3）。 UC的病因尚不清楚。一种理论认为患者在遗传上易患UC。这些患者对结肠内膜的粘膜产生了侮辱，对肠道天然存在的菌群的免疫系统反应也发生了改变。有几种公认的发展UC的危险因素，包括犹太人和长期使用非甾体类抗炎药（2）。香烟中的尼古丁被认为是一种免疫抑制剂，因为已证明吸烟会减少包括IgG，IgM和IgA在内的免疫球蛋白（4）。还已经推测，UC与口​​服避孕药的使用，母乳喂养，二手烟，MDR1基因，社会经济状况，心理状况和儿童感染之间存在相关性（5）。溃疡性结肠炎引起大肠粘膜的慢性炎症并影响直肠。这种疾病的严重程度因患者而异。炎症的模式在结肠的整个部分都是连续的。例如，乙状结肠原发炎表示炎症会影响直肠和

著录项

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号