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Urban metabolism and river systems: an historical perspective – Paris and the Seine, 1790–1970

机译：城市新陈代谢和河流系统：历史观点巴黎和塞纳河，1790年-1970年

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The aim of this paper is to analyse metabolic interaction between Paris andthe Seine during the industrial era, 1790–1970, a period marked by strongpopulation growth, technological changes, and the absence of specificlegislation on environmental issues. The viewpoint focuses on exchanges ofwaters and wastes between city and river, quantifying them and tracing theirevolution in the light of the strategies implemented by the stakeholders incharge. The study combines industrial ecology, local history and the historyof technology.From 1790 to 1850, waste matters, and especially excreta, were considered asraw materials, not refuse: they generated real profits. The removal of humanexcreta aimed not only at improving urban hygiene, but at producing thefertilizers needed in rural areas. Discharging them into the river was outof the question. But after the 1860s, several factors upset thisexploitation, notably domestic water supply: night soil became more and moreliquid, difficult to handle and to turn into fertilizer; once utilised, thewater had to be removed from the house; at the same time, the seweragesystem developed and had negative impacts on the river. Even so, Parisianengineers continued to process sewage using techniques that would not onlyensure hygiene but also conciliate economic and agricultural interests:combined sewerage system and sewage farms. Both of these early periods arethus noteworthy for a relative limitation of the river's deterioration byurban wastes. Not until the 1920s, when domestic water supply had become thestandard and excreta came to be considered as worthless waste, was theprinciple of valorisation abandoned. This led to important and long-lastingpollution of the Seine (despite the construction of a treatment plant),aggravating the industrial pollution that had been in evidence since the1840s.Analysing the priorities that led to the adoption of one principle oranother in matters of urban hygiene and techniques, with the causes andconsequences of such changes, enables us to understand the complex relationsbetween Paris and the Seine. From raw material to waste matter, from riverto drain, the concept of quality in environment remains the underlyingtheme.
机译：本文的目的是分析1790年至1970年工业时代巴黎和塞纳河之间的代谢相互作用，这一时期的特点是人口增长强劲，技术变革以及缺乏有关环境问题的专门立法。该观点着眼于城市和河流之间的水和废物交换，根据利益相关者负责人实施的策略对其进行量化和追踪其演变。该研究结合了工业生态学，当地历史和技术史。 从1790年到1850年，废物，尤其是排泄物被视为原始材料，而不是垃圾：它们产生了真正的利润。去除人类排泄物不仅旨在改善城市卫生，而且旨在生产农村地区所需的肥料。把它们排到河里是不可能的。但是在1860年代以后，有几种因素使这种开采方式受到影响，特别是家庭供水：夜间土壤变得越来越多，变得难以处理和转化为肥料。一旦被利用，必须将水从房屋中清除掉;同时，污水处理系统不断发展并对河流产生了负面影响。即便如此，巴黎工程师仍继续使用既能确保卫生，又能兼顾经济和农业利益的技术处理污水：结合了污水处理系统和污水处理场。因此，这两个早期阶段都值得注意，因为相对限制了城市废物造成的河流恶化。直到1920年代，当家庭供水已成为标准，排泄物被认为是一文不值的废物时，才放弃了用价原则。这导致塞纳河受到严重而持久的污染（尽管建造了污水处理厂），加重了自1840年代以来明显的工业污染。 分析了导致采用一项原则的优先事项在城市卫生和技术方面，另一种变化的原因和后果使我们能够理解巴黎和塞纳河之间的复杂关系。从原材料到废物，从河流到下水道，环境质量的概念仍然是基本主题。

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