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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of genetics >Roles, and establishment, maintenance and erasing of the epigenetic cytosine methylation marks in plants
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Roles, and establishment, maintenance and erasing of the epigenetic cytosine methylation marks in plants

机译：表观遗传胞嘧啶甲基化标记在植物中的作用，建立，维持和消除

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Heritable information in plants consists of genomic information in DNA sequence and epigenetic information superimposed on DNA sequence. The latter is in the form of cytosine methylation at CG, CHG and CHH elements (where H = A, T or C) and a variety of histone modifications in nucleosomes. The epialleles arising from cytosine methylation marks on the nuclear genomic loci have better heritability than the epiallelic variation due to chromatin marks. Phenotypic variation is increased manifold by epiallele comprised methylomes. Plants (angiosperms) have highly conserved genetic mechanisms to establish, maintain or erase cytosine methylation from epialleles. The methylation marks in plants fluctuate according to the cell/tissue/organ in the vegetative and reproductive phases of plant life cycle. They also change according to environment. Epialleles arise by gain or loss of cytosine methylation marks on genes. The changes occur due to the imperfection of the processes that establish and maintain the marks and on account of spontaneous and stress imposed removal of marks. Cytosine methylation pattern acquired in response to abiotic or biotic stress is often inherited over one to several subsequent generations. Cytosine methylation marks affect physiological functions of plants via their effect(s) on gene expression levels. They also repress transposable elements that are abundantly present in plant genomes. The density of their distribution along chromosome lengths affects meiotic recombination rate, while their removal increases mutation rate. Transposon activation due to loss of methylation causes rearrangements such that new gene regulatory networks arise and genes for microRNAs may originate. Cytosine methylation dynamics contribute to evolutionary changes. This review presents and discusses the available evidence on origin, removal and roles of cytosine methylation and on related processes, such as RNA directed DNA methylation, imprinting, paramutation and transgenerational memory in plants.
机译：植物中的遗传信息包括DNA序列中的基因组信息和叠加在DNA序列上的表观遗传信息。后者是在CG，CHG和CHH元素（其中H = A，T或C）处胞嘧啶甲基化的形式，以及核小体中的各种组蛋白修饰。由核基因组基因座上的胞嘧啶甲基化标记产生的等位基因比由于染色质标记而引起的等位基因变异具有更好的遗传力。表位变异由表位等位基因组成的甲基化组增加。植物（被子植物）具有高度保守的遗传机制，可建立，维持或消除表位基因的胞嘧啶甲基化。在植物生命周期的营养和生殖阶段，植物中的甲基化标记会根据细胞/组织/器官而波动。它们也会根据环境而变化。 Epialleles是由基因上胞嘧啶甲基化标记的获得或缺失引起的。发生这种变化是由于建立和维护标记的过程的不完善，以及由于自发和压力导致的标记去除。响应非生物或生物胁迫而获得的胞嘧啶甲基化模式通常在一到几个后续世代中遗传。胞嘧啶甲基化标记通过其对基因表达水平的影响来影响植物的生理功能。它们还抑制植物基因组中大量存在的转座因子。它们沿染色体长度分布的密度影响减数分裂重组率，而去除它们则会增加突变率。由于失去甲基化而引起的转座子活化会引起重排，从而产生新的基因调控网络，并可能产生microRNA的基因。胞嘧啶甲基化动力学有助于进化变化。这篇综述提出并讨论了有关胞嘧啶甲基化的起源，去除和作用以及相关过程的现有证据，例如植物中RNA指导的DNA甲基化，印迹，突变和转基因记忆。

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