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首页> 外文期刊>Applied and Environmental Microbiology >Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods
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Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods

机译：通过培养和分子方法定量分析B类厌氧消化生物固体中的肠病毒，病原体指标和沙门氏菌

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The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 104 MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.
机译：在美国，最常见的B类生物固体是通过嗜温厌氧消化（MAD）产生的，MAD生物固体已用于土地应用。但是，MAD生物固体中的病原体水平仍然不清楚，尤其是对于肠道病毒而言。在这项研究中，我们确定了12种MAD生物固体样品中肠病毒和指标的发生以及定量水平，以及6种MAD生物固体样品中肠炎沙门氏菌的存在和定量水平。为了进行比较，本研究还包括三个脱水的生物固体样品。人腺病毒（HAdV）具有最高的基因水平，并且比其他肠病毒更常见。报道的诺如病毒（NV）的基因水平与肠道病毒（EV）和人多瘤病毒（HPyV）的基因水平相当。 MAD样品中HAdV，HAdV物种F，EV，NV GI，NV GII和HPyV的发生百分比分别为83％，83％，42％，50％，75％和58％。未检测到甲型肝炎病毒。与传染性EV相比，传染性HAdV的检出频率更高，当样品在A549细胞中繁殖时，所有传染性HAdV均被检出。根据最可能数（MPN）分析，与BGM细胞相比，A549细胞更容易受到生物固体相关病毒的侵害。 MAD生物固体中的所有指标水平均为每克（干）约104 MPN或PFU，而脱水生物固体的指标水平明显高于MAD生物固体。仅两个MAD样品检测到肠沙门氏菌呈阳性，其浓度低于1.0 MPN / 4 g。这项研究对MAD生物固体中不同肠病毒的流行程度进行了广泛的比较，并报道了B类生物固体中首次发现诺如病毒。在MAD生物固体中观察到的高定量和感染性腺病毒水平表明，腺病毒是评估污泥处理效率的良好指标。

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