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Stability of Sponge-Associated Bacteria over Large Seasonal Shifts in Temperature and Irradiance

机译：海绵相关细菌在温度和辐照度的季节性变化较大时的稳定性

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Complex microbiomes reside in marine sponges and consist of diverse microbial taxa, including functional guilds that may contribute to host metabolism and coastal marine nutrient cycles. Our understanding of these symbiotic systems is based primarily on static accounts of sponge microbiota, while their temporal dynamics across seasonal cycles remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated temporal variation in bacterial symbionts of three sympatric sponges ( Ircinia spp.) over 1.5 years in the northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, using replicated terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Bacterial symbionts in Ircinia spp. exhibited host species-specific structure and remarkable stability throughout the monitoring period, despite large fluctuations in temperature and irradiance. In contrast, seawater bacteria exhibited clear seasonal shifts in community structure, indicating that different ecological constraints act on free-living and on symbiotic marine bacteria. Symbiont profiles were dominated by persistent, sponge-specific bacterial taxa, notably affiliated with phylogenetic lineages capable of photosynthesis, nitrite oxidation, and sulfate reduction. Variability in the sponge microbiota was restricted to rare symbionts and occurred most prominently in warmer seasons, coincident with elevated thermal regimes. Seasonal stability of the sponge microbiota supports the hypothesis of host-specific, stable associations between bacteria and sponges. Further, the core symbiont profiles revealed in this study provide an empirical baseline for diagnosing abnormal shifts in symbiont communities. Considering that these sponges have suffered recent, episodic mass mortalities related to thermal stresses, this study contributes to the development of model sponge-microbe symbioses for assessing the link between symbiont fluctuations and host health.
机译：复杂的微生物群落生活在海洋海绵中，由多种微生物分类组成，包括可能有助于宿主代谢和沿海海洋营养循环的功能性协会。我们对这些共生系统的理解主要基于海绵菌群的静态描述，而它们在整个季节性周期内的时间动态仍然未知。在这里，我们使用复制的末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）和细菌16S rRNA的克隆文库分析，研究了西北（NW）地中海地区三个同卵海绵（Ircinia spp。）在1.5年内细菌共生体的时间变化。基因序列。 Ircinia spp中的细菌共生体。尽管温度和辐照度波动很大，但在整个监测期内仍表现出特定于宿主物种的结构和出色的稳定性。相反，海水细菌在群落结构上表现出明显的季节性变化，表明不同的生态约束作用于自由生活和共生海洋细菌。共生体特征主要由持久的，海绵特异性细菌分类群决定，特别是与能够光合作用，亚硝酸盐氧化和硫酸盐还原的系统发育谱系相关。海绵微生物区系的变化仅限于稀有的共生体，并且在较暖的季节最明显地发生，与热态升高相吻合。海绵菌群的季节性稳定性支持细菌和海绵之间特定于宿主的稳定关联的假设。此外，本研究中揭示的核心共生体概况为诊断共生体群落异常转移提供了经验基础。考虑到这些海绵最近遭受了与热应力有关的突发性大规模死亡，因此本研究有助于开发用于评估共生体波动与宿主健康之间联系的模型海绵-微生物共生体。

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