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Differential Engagement of Fermentative Taxa in Gut Contents of the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

机译：Lu类动物肠道内肠毒素含量的差异性参与

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The earthworm gut is an anoxic, saccharide-rich microzone in aerated soils. The apparent degradation of diverse saccharides in the alimentary canal of the model earthworm Lumbricusterrestris is concomitant with the production of diverse organic acids, indicating that fermentation is an ongoing process in the earthworm gut. However, little is known about how different gut-associated saccharides are fermented. The hypothesis of this investigation was that different gut-associated saccharides differentially stimulate fermentative microorganisms in gut contents of L. terrestris. This hypothesis was addressed by (i) assessing the fermentation profiles of anoxic gut content microcosms that were supplemented with gut-associated saccharides and (ii) the concomitant phylogenic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. Galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, arabinose, fucose, rhamnose, and xylose stimulated the production of fermentation products, including H2, CO2, acetate, lactate, propionate, formate, succinate, and ethanol. Fermentation profiles were dependent on the supplemental saccharide (e.g., glucose yielded large amounts of H2 and ethanol, whereas fucose did not, and maltose yielded large amounts of lactate, whereas mannose did not). Approximately 1,750,000 16S rRNA sequences were affiliated with 37 families, and phylogenic analyses indicated that a respective saccharide stimulated a subset of the diverse phylotypes. An Aeromonas-related phylotype displayed a high relative abundance in all treatments, whereas key Enterobacteriaceae-affiliated phylotypes were stimulated by some but not all saccharides. Collectively, these results reinforce the likelihood that (i) different saccharides stimulate different fermentations in gut contents of the earthworm and (ii) facultative aerobes related to Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae can be important drivers of these fermentations.IMPORTANCE The feeding habits of earthworms influence the turnover of elements in the terrestrial biosphere. The alimentary tract of the earthworm constitutes an anoxic saccharide-rich microzone in aerated soils that offers ingested microbes a unique opportunity for anaerobic growth. The fermentative activity of microbes in the alimentary tract are responsible for the in situ production of (i) organic compounds that can be assimilated by the earthworm and (ii) H2 that is subject to in vivo emission by the earthworm and can be trophically linked to secondary microbial events in soils. To gain insight on how fermentative members of the gut microbiome might respond to the saccharide-rich alimentary canal, this study examines the impact of diverse gut-associated saccharides on the differential activation of fermentative microbes in gut contents of the model earthworm L. terrestris.
机译：a肠是在充气土壤中缺氧，富含糖的微区。 earth模型的消化道中各种糖类的明显降解与多种有机酸的产生同时发生，这表明发酵是g肠道中的一个持续过程。然而，人们对如何发酵不同的肠道相关糖知之甚少。这项研究的假设是，不同的肠道相关糖分差异地刺激了陆地藜中肠内的发酵微生物。通过（i）评估缺氧肠道含量微观世界的发酵谱，并补充了与肠道相关的糖类;以及（ii）对16S rRNA序列的系统发育分析，解决了这一假设。半乳糖，葡萄糖，麦芽糖，甘露糖，阿拉伯糖，岩藻糖，鼠李糖和木糖刺激了发酵产物的产生，包括H2，CO2，乙酸盐，乳酸盐，丙酸盐，甲酸盐，琥珀酸盐和乙醇。发酵曲线取决于补充糖（例如葡萄糖产生大量的H2和乙醇，而岩藻糖则没有，而麦芽糖产生了大量的乳酸，而甘露糖则没有）。大约1,750,000个16S rRNA序列隶属于37个科，系统发育分析表明相应的糖刺激了多种系统型的一个子集。在所有处理中，与气单胞菌有关的系统型都显示出较高的相对丰度，而与肠杆菌科相关的关键系统型则受到某些但不是全部糖类的刺激。这些结果共同增强了以下可能性：（i）不同的糖类刺激stimulate肠道含量的不同发酵，并且（ii）与气单毛科和肠杆菌科相关的兼性需氧菌可能是这些发酵的重要驱动力。在地球生物圈中的元素。 a的消化道在充气土壤中构成富含缺氧糖的微区，为摄入的微生物提供了厌氧生长的独特机会。微生物在消化道中的发酵活性负责原位产生（i）worm可吸收的有机化合物和（ii）worm可在体内释放并与之营养连接的H2土壤中的继发性微生物事件。为了深入了解肠道微生物组的发酵成员如何对富含糖的消化道做出反应，本研究检查了各种肠道相关糖对ter模型肠内肠道中发酵微生物差异激活的影响。

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