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Modelling 3D craniofacial growth trajectories for population comparison and classification illustrated using sex-differences

机译:使用性别差异对3D颅面生长轨迹进行建模以进行人群比较和分类

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Many disorders present with characteristic abnormalities of the craniofacial complex. Precise descriptions of how and when these abnormalities emerge and change during childhood and adolescence can inform our understanding of their underlying pathology and facilitate diagnosis from craniofacial shape. In this paper we develop a framework for analysing how anatomical differences between populations emerge and change over time, and for binary group classification that adapts to the age of each participant. As a proxy for a disease-control comparison we use a database of 3D photographs of normally developing boys and girls to examine emerging sex-differences. Essentially we define 3D craniofacial ‘growth curves’ for each sex. Differences in the forehead, upper lip, chin and nose emerge primarily from different growth rates between the groups, whereas differences in the buccal region involve different growth directions. Differences in the forehead, buccal region and chin are evident before puberty, challenging the view that sex differences result from pubertal hormone levels. Classification accuracy was best for older children. This paper represents a significant methodological advance for the study of facial differences between growing populations and comprehensively describes developing craniofacial sex differences.
机译:许多疾病表现出颅面复合体的特征异常。对这些异常现象如何以及何时在儿童和青少年时期出现和变化的精确描述,可以帮助我们了解其潜在的病理状况,并有助于从颅面形状进行诊断。在本文中,我们开发了一个框架,用于分析群体之间的解剖差异如何随时间出现和变化,以及针对每个参与者年龄的二元组分类。作为疾病控制比较的替代指标,我们使用了正常发育的男孩和女孩的3D照片数据库来检查新兴的性别差异。实质上,我们为每种性别定义了3D颅面“生长曲线”。前额,上唇,下巴和鼻子的差异主要来自两组之间的不同生长速率,而颊区域的差异涉及不同的生长方向。在青春期前,前额,颊区和下巴的差异很明显,这挑战了认为性别差异是由青春期激素水平引起的观点。分类准确性最适合年龄较大的儿童。本文代表了研究不断增长的人口之间的面部差异的重要方法学进展,并全面描述了发展中的颅面部性别差异。

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